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Biology 315 > Lecture Exam 4 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the difference in function between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

A

conducting zone serves as the passage-way for air that warms, humidifies, and filters the air as it moves through the passages while the respiratory zone allows exchange of gases between blood and atmosphere within lung

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2
Q

what structures make up the conducting zone?

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and trachea

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3
Q

what structures make up the respiratory zone?

A

bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

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4
Q

what type of epithelium lines the vestibule of the nose?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

what is the function of the nasal septum?

A

divides the nasal cavity and is covered by respiratory mucosa to trap particles

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6
Q

what type of tissues make up the septum?

A

cartilage and bone

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7
Q

what are choanae (posterior nasal apertures)?

A

openings between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx

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8
Q

what structures in the nasal cavity are lined by respiratory mucosa?

A

nasal cavity itself, nasopharynx, trachea, and bronchi

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9
Q

where is the olfactory mucosa located?

A

superior concha and upper nasal septum

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10
Q

what type of epithelium lines the respiratory mucosa?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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11
Q

what is the function of goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium?

A

to secrete mucus that lubricates and traps fine particles

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12
Q

how is dust/particulate matter trapped and then eliminated from the respiratory mucosa?

A

cilia move contaminated mucus to the oropharynx to be swallowed or spit out

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13
Q

what are conchae?

A

scroll-like projections that form large ridges within the nasal cavity

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14
Q

how many conchae are there in the nasal cavity and what is their function?

A

3 conchae that cause turbulent air flow to help trap particulates and humidify the incoming air

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15
Q

what are meatuses and what structures open into the nasal cavity via the meatuses?

A

meatuses are the grooves under each concha, paranasal sinuses open into nasal cavity via the meatuses

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16
Q

what are the four paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, and maxillary

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17
Q

what is the function of the paranasal sinuses and what type of mucosa lines them?

A

humidify the air and trap dust as well as lightens the skull and allow for sound resonance, all are lined with respiratory mucosa

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18
Q

what kind of epithelium lines the mucosa of the nasopharynx?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium forms the respiratory mucosa that lines the nasopharynx

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19
Q

what part of the immune system is located within the nasopharynx?

A

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) that destroy entering pathogens

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20
Q

what are the functions of the larynx?

A

contains vocal cords for voice production, provides an open airway, and routes air and food into proper channels

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21
Q

what is the rima glottidis?

A

the space between vocal cords

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22
Q

what is the function of the epiglottis?

A

closes off trachea during swallowing

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23
Q

what are the different cartilages that make up the larynx, what type of cartilage are they made of and what do they do?

A

epiglottis: made of elastic cartilage and attaches to posterior tongue to close off trachea for swallowing
thyroid cartilage: made of hyaline cartilage and shields the throat
cricoid cartilage: made of hyaline cartilage and is ring-shaped to keep airway open
arytenoid cartilages: made of hyaline cartilage and anchor the vocal cords to form sound

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24
Q

rotation of which of the laryngeal cartilages allows for the vocal pitch to change?

A

rotation of the arytenoid cartilages changes the length and tension of the vocal folds, altering the pitch

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25
Q

what type of epithelium lines the trachea and primary bronchi?

A

ciliated pseduostratified columnar epithelium lined with goblet cells

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26
Q

how is dust trapped and then removed from the trachea?

A

cilia move trapped particles in mucous toward pharynx where it is usually swallowed

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27
Q

what is the function of the cartilage rings of the trachea and what kind of cartilage makes up those rings?

A

16-20 C-shaped cartilages keep the airway open, made of hyaline cartilage

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28
Q

how does the cartilage structure change from the trachea to the primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi?

A

C-shaped rings are replaced by cartilage plates in the secondary and tertiary bronchi, no cartilage is present in bronchioles

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29
Q

what are the subdivisions of the bronchial tree in order?

A

trachea, primary/main bronchi, secondary (lobar) bronchi, tertiary (segmental) bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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30
Q

how many secondary (lobar) bronchioles are there and which regions of the lung do they supply air to?

A

three on the right that supply the three lobes of the the right lung and two on the left lung that supply the two lobes of the left lung

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31
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments are there and what type of bronchi deliver air to the lung segments?

A

10 bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung and 9-10 in the left lung, each segment is supplied by its own tertiary (segmental) bronchus

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32
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle in the wall of bronchioles?

A

contraction/relaxation changes the diameter of the bronchioles to regulate air flow to the lungs

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33
Q

what are alveoli and what is their function?

A

terminal air pouches at the end of bronchioles that allow for gas exchange between blood and air

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34
Q

what are type I alveolar cells?

A

thin and flat cells that allow for gas exchange

35
Q

what is the function of pulmonary surfactant and which cells secrete it?

A

pulmonary surfactant reduces surface tension of inner alveolar wall and keeps alveoli from collapsing, secreted by type II cells (cuboidal epithelial cells)

36
Q

what is the function of alveolar macrophages (dust cells)?

A

macrophages phagocytize pathogens and debris

37
Q

what makes up the diffusion barrier for gases between alveoli and the blood?

A

respiratory membrane that consists of a plasma membrane of type I alveolar cells (simple squamous epithelium), basal laminae, and a plasma membrane of capillary endothelial cells (simple squamous epithelium)

38
Q

what path does filtrate (urine) follow to get from the collecting ducts to the ureter?

A

collecting ducts -> openings at papillae of pyramids -> minor calyces -> major calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureters (urine to bladder)

39
Q

what structures make up the renal corpuscle?

A

the glomerulus, a twisted ball of leaky blood capillaries that filters solutes from the blood and the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) which surrounds it

40
Q

what are the different regions of the nephron and what does each region do?

A

glomerulus: filters small solutes from blood
proximal tube: reabsorbs ions, water, and nutrients
descending loop: body reabsorbs water
ascending loop: body reabsorbs ions
distal tubule: secretes/absorbs ions to maintain blood pH
collecting duct: body reabsorbs solutes and water

41
Q

what is the histology of the glomerulus?

A

looks like balls of tissue, are surrounded by podocytes that form a filtration barrier

42
Q

what is the histology of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

proximal convoluted tubule: made of simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli lining inner surface forming a fuzzy, brush border, stains pink, border of cell seems to contain cell bodies

43
Q

what is the histology of the descending limb of the loop of henle?

A

initial part is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium while the later part becomes simple squamous epithelium

44
Q

what is the histology of the loop region of the loop of henle?

A

lined with simple squamous epithelium

45
Q

what is the histology of the thin and thick segments of the ascending limb of the loop of henle?

A

thin segment is lined with simple squamous epithelium while thick segment is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium, thick segment has cells with thicker wall

46
Q

what is the histology of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

has a simple cuboidal epithelium with few microvilli resulting in a reduced brush border, border of cell seems to contain cell bodies

47
Q

what is the histology of the collecting ducts?

A

is initially lined with simple cuboidal epithelium before becoming more columnar with a smaller lumen towards the papillae, appear to be many columns forming a circle with cell bodies in each column

48
Q

how does blood flow through the kidney?

A

renal artery -> interlobar arteries (between pyramids) -> arcuate arteries (arch over pyramids) -> interlobular (extend through cortex) -> afferent arterioles -> glomeruli -> efferent arterioles -> peritubular caplillaries (small blood vessels in cortex around tubules) and vasa recta (looping blood vessels around loop of henle) -> veins

49
Q

what cells make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus and what is the function of each type of cell?

A

juxtaglomerular (granular) cells: located around afferent arterioles and secrete renin
macula densa: portion of the distal convoluted tubule composed of tall, closely packed epithelial cells that monitor solute concentration in filtrate and signal juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin if solute concentrations are low

50
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the ureters and urinary bladder?

A

lined with transitional epithelium (stratified) with a typical lamina propria with additional elastic fibers

51
Q

what is the name given to the smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder?

A

detrusor muscle

52
Q

what are the male gonads and where are they located?

A

testes, located within the scotum external to the abdominopelvic cavity at the base of the penis

53
Q

what are the male gametes?

A

spermatazoa or sperm

54
Q

what are seminiferous tubules and how are developing spermatozoa organized within the tubules?

A

the site of sperm development, as sperm cells differentiate they move from the periphery of tubule towards the lumen

55
Q

what are the different stages of sperm development, from most immature cells to fully mature sperm?

A

speratogonia -> primary spermatocytes -> secondary spermatocytes -> spermatids -> spermatazoa

56
Q

what are the functions of sertoli (sustentacular) cells and what is their anatomical arrangement with respect to developing sperm?

A

they secrete molecules necessary for sperm maturation, provide nutrients for sperm, and secrete fluid to flush sperm into epididymis, sertoli cells sit on either side of spermatogenic cells to protect the sperm from the immune system trying to attack

57
Q

what do leydig cells secrete and where are they located in the testes?

A

secrete testosterone and are located in between seminiferous tubules

58
Q

what is the epididymis and what type of epithelium lines the epididymis? on average, how long does it take for sperm to travel through the epididymis?

A

part of the testes responsible for storing sperm, lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, takes a minimum of 20 days for sperm to move through the epididymis

59
Q

what are the ductus deferens (vas deferens) and what type of epithelium is found in them?

A

tubes that transport sperm, lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

60
Q

what is the pathway that sperm travels through the male reproductive system, starting with the seminiferous tubules?

A

seminiferous tubules -> rete testis -> epididymus -> ductus deferens -> seminal vesicles -> prostate gland -> bulbourethral glands -> urethra

61
Q

what are the functions of the seminal vesicles?

A

secretes semen and prostaglandins (molecules that induce contractions in female reproductive tract)

62
Q

both the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicles converge into what structure that transports semen to the prostatic urethra?

A

ejaculatory duct

63
Q

what are the functions of the prostate, does it secrete more or less of the seminal fluid compared to the seminal vesicles?

A

secretes about 30% of seminal fluid (less than the seminal vesicles do), contains substances that dissolve clotted semen, and releases sperm

64
Q

what are the three different classes of glands that make up the prostate and which of these are usually involved in forming benign tumors of the prostate?

A

mucosal glands (form benign tumors), submucosal glands, and main glands (form malignant tumors)

65
Q

what are the functions of the bulbourethral glands?

A

produce mucus that lubricates and cleanses the urethra prior to ejaculation, enhances pH for optimal survival of sperm

66
Q

what are the erectile bodies in the penis and where are they located?

A

two dorsal erectile bodies that make up most of the mass of the penis are the corpora cavernosa and the one ventral body that surrounds the urethra is the corpus spongiosum

67
Q

what are the cavernous spaces of the erectile bodies and what happens to penile arterioles during an erection?

A

tubes of erectile tissue surrounded by connective tissue run the length of the penis, these tubes contain large cavernous spaces (blood sinuses) that can fill with blood during arousal, penile arterioles dilate during arousal

68
Q

what is found in the cortex of the ovary and what is found in the medulla of the ovary?

A

cortex contains the female gametes and the medulla contains loose connective tissue containing the largest blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

69
Q

what are ovarian follicles, do developing oocytes always have
supporting follicular cells?

A

follicles are oocytes surrounded by follicular cells, oocytes are always surrounded by supporting follicular cells

70
Q

what are the different types of ovarian follicles?

A

primordial follices, primary follicles, secondary (antral) follicles, and mature (graafian) follicles

71
Q

what is the histology of primordial follicles?

A

very small cells that contains a single layer of squamous follicular cells (granulosa cells)

72
Q

what is the histology of primary follicles?

A

larger cells that contains an oocyte and a single layer of squamous follicular cells (granulosa cells)

73
Q

what is the histology of secondary (antral) follicles?

A

contains an oocyte and a single layer of squamous follicular cells (granulosa cells) as well as thecal cells (specialized connective tissue cells), appear as large cells with white center and liquid layer surrounding it

74
Q

what is the histology of mature (graafian) follicles?

A

fluid filled center expands away from oocyte but leaves a thin layer of granulosa cells called the corona radiata, appears as an empty white center with a thin layer of cells along the outside

75
Q

what do granulosa and thecal cells secrete?

A

estrogens

76
Q

what is the corpus luteum and what does it secrete?

A

corpus luteum forms from the remaining follicle cells after ovulation and secretes progesterone and estrogens

77
Q

what type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the uterine tubes?

A

simple columnar epithelium

78
Q

what helps move the ovum through the uterine tube?

A

the beating of cilia help create currents the move ovum through uterus, secretory cells also secrete fluid that aids in transport of the ovum

79
Q

what are the three layers of the uterus?

A

endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium

80
Q

what layers form the wall of the vagina and what type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the vagina?

A

mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia, mucosa layer is lined with stratified squamous epithelium

81
Q

what is the mammary line in the fetus?

A

mammary glands develop along epidermal ridge from armpit to groin, this called the mammary line

82
Q

what are myoepithelial cells in mammary glands and what is their role in milk delivery?

A

modified smooth muscle cells (myoepithelial) surround alveoli, ducts and sinuses to help express milk

83
Q

what are the changes that occur in mammary glands from puberty through pregnancy?

A

in pre-puberty there is only lactiferous ducts with few branches, at puberty, lactiferous ducts grow, and branch extensively (but secretory units (acini) absent), fat also increases, during pregnancy, secretory cells divide, and
acini sprout from ends of ducts

Biology 315 (1 decks)

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