lecture exam 3 study guide Flashcards
functions of respiratory anatomy
- exchange of gases
- ability to smell
- sound
- regulation of body’s pH
- blood pressure
- protection
steps of respiratoin
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport, internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs
external respiration
the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood
transport
gases traveling around the body via the blood
internal respiration
the exchange of gases between the blood and tissues
how is the respiratory system divided
structurally and functionallyco
conducting division
structures that bring gases down to where external respiration will occur
location of conducting division
structures above the lungs
respiratory division
structures involved in external respiration
location of respiratory division
structures in/below the lungs/alveoli
structures included in the upper respiratory tract
nose, pharynx, larynx
structures included in the lower respiratory tract
trachea, bronchi, lungs
what is the larynx composed of
cartilage
laryngeal prominence
adam’s apple
epiglottis
a flap of tissue that covers the larynx; important in preventing food or other debris from traveling down the windpipe
epiglottis location
above the hyoid bone
glottis
the open space between the vocal folds
true vocal chords
vibrate to make sound when air is passed through
vestibular folds
false vocal chords; protect the vocal chords in case any debris bypasses the epiglottis
do vestibular folds produce sound
no
surfactant location
type I alveolar cells
surfactant function
a detergent to help prevent the alveoli from collapsing on themselves; decreases surface tension
where is surfactant produced
type II alveolar cells
pleurisy
when too much friction occurs between the parietal and visceral pleura membranes; causes inflammation and makes breathing difficult
parietal layer
attached to the chest wall; helps the lungs expands
visceral layer
attached to the lungs; helps the lungs pull in and recoil
intrapleural pressure
the pressure outside of the lungs in the thoracic cavity; must always be lower than intrapulmonary pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
the pressure inside of the lungs
why must intrapulmonary pressure always be greater than intrapleural pressure
so the lungs don’t collapse on themselves
eupnea
“quiet breathing”
what type of process is quiet breathing
passive
when you breathe in, what happens to your thoracic cavity
it expands
when you breath in, what happens to the volume in your lungs
it expands
when you breathe in, what happens to the pressure in your lungs
it decreases
when you breathe out, what happens to your thoracic cavity
it compresses
when you breathe out, what happens to the volume in your lungs
it decreases
when you breathe out, what happens to the pressure in your lungs
it increases
what muscles are required in eupnea
the diaphragm and external intercostals
forced respiration
you are working harder to bring more air in/force more air out
what type of process is forced respiration
active
what muscles are required in forced inspiration
- pectoralis
-sternocleidomastoid
-serratus anterior
what muscles are required in forced expiration
- internal intercostals
- rectus abdominis
boyle’s law
p1v1=p2v2
inherent rhythm
controlled by the CNS
ventral respiratory group location
ventral end of medulla oblongata
VRG function
controls your rate of breathing
dorsal respiratory group location
dorsal end of medulla oblongata
DRG function
communicates with other structures to alter breathing
pontine respiratory group location
pons of the brainstem
PRG function
passes information to the VRG and DRG from higher centers of the brain
who does the VRG communicate with
the diaphragm and external intercostals
how often does the VRG get signals from the inspiratory neurons
every 2 seconds
what happens when the VRG gets a signal from inspiratory neurons
volume increases, pressure decreases, air flows into the lungs
how often does the VRG get signals from the expiratory neurons
every 3 seconds
goal of the VRG when they get a signal from the expiratory neurons
they make sure the muscles are able to relax
what happens when the VRG gets signals from expiratory neurons
volume decreases, pressure increases, air flows out of the lungs
how can you voluntarily change your breathing rhythm
motor input from the cerebellum can override
how can you involuntarily change your breathing rhythm
the hypothalamus and limbic system
how does the limbic system know to make alterations to breathing rhythm
your change in emotions
how does the hypothalamus know to make alterations to breathing rhythm
your change in temperature
irritant receptors location
in the lungs
irritant receptors function
communicate if debris is in the lungs
what happens when irritant receptors detect debris in the lungs
they cause you to cough in order to drive the irritant out
types of mechanoreceptors
baroreceptors and proprioreceptors
baroreceptors location
aortic arch and carotid sinus
baroreceptors function
they are able to sense a change in stretch
proprioreceptors location
muscles throughout the body
proprioreceptors function
notice movement of the muscles associated with the lungs and breathing
chemoreceptors
pay attention to chemical changes in the body
central chemoreceptors location
medulla oblongata
central chemoreceptors function
monitor changes in CO2 and H+ ions in the cerebral spinal fluid
what do you want to happen when CO2 levels increase
increase your breathing rate
what do you want to happen when CO2 levels decrease
decrease your breathing rate
peripheral chemoreceptors location
aortic arch
peripheral chemoreceptors function
monitors changes in CO2 and O2 in the blood
what do you want to happen when O2 levels increase
decrease your breathing rate
what do you want to happen when O2 levels decrease
increase your breathing rate
apnea
temporary cessation of breathing
dyspnea
labored, gasping breathing
orthopnea
dyspnea that occurs when laying down
hypernea
increased breathing in response to exercise or paint
achypnea
accelerated breathing
air flow
the amount of air that moves in and out of the respiratory tract with each breath
true or false: airflow is directly related to the pressure gradient
true
the more pressure difference
the faster airflow will occur
the less pressure difference
the slow airflow will occur
true or false: airflow is indirectly related to resistance
true
as resistance increases
airflow decreases
as resistance decreases
airflow increases
ways to alter resistance
- diameter
- collapse of alveoli
- compliance
diameter
change in diameter of the tubes that air flows through
collapse of the alveoli
occurs when people smoke; no air is being delivered to this region of the lung
compliance
the change of elasticity of the lung
true or false: compliance decreases when you lose elastic tissue
true
true or false: there is a direct relationship between elasticity and compliance
true
true or false: there is an indirect relationship between elasticity and resistance
bronchoconstriction
the narrowing of the bronchioles to increase resistance
bronchodilation
the expansion of the bronchioles to decrease resistance
