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A&P > Lecture exam #3: Integumentary & Skeletal > Flashcards

Lecture exam #3: Integumentary & Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Nail Structure: nail plate

A

visible, hard keratin

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2
Q

Nail structure: nail bed

A

skin beneath nail plate

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3
Q

Nail structure: nail matrix

A

base of nail where new nail cells form

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4
Q

Nail structure: lunula

A

crescent moon at the nail base

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5
Q

Nail structure: cuticle

A

thin layer that overlaps nail plate

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6
Q

Hair types: Lanugo

A

fine hair that covers a newborn; sheds eventually

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7
Q

Hair types: Vellus

A

fine, un-pigmented hair on adult; peach fuzz

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8
Q

Hair types: Terminal

A

coarse, pigmented hair; head, pubic, armpit

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9
Q

Hair function: Insulation

A

heat trapping

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10
Q

Hair function: Protection

A

UV ray protection

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11
Q

Hair function: sensory function

A

sense of touch and stimuli

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12
Q

Hair function: social

A

identity

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13
Q

Apocrine

A
  • thick, milky sweat
  • armpit & groin
  • puberty
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14
Q

Merocrine

A
  • thin, watery
  • all over the body
  • thermoregulation
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15
Q

Accessory gland function: Sebaceous

A
  • sebum secretion
  • skin & hair moisturizer
  • puberty
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16
Q

Accessory gland function: Ceruminous

A

secretes earwax; protects ear canal

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17
Q

Accessory gland function: Mammary

A

sweat glands at breast; breastfeeding

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18
Q

Regeneration

A
  • damaged tissue replaced with original tissue
  • only possible w/ high cell division capacity; skin
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19
Q

Fibrosis

A
  • damaged tissue replaced w/ scar tissue
  • low capacity cell division areas; nerve tissue
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20
Q

Burns: 1st degree

A
  • affects epidermis
  • red & dry
  • no blistering
  • week of healing
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21
Q

Burns: 2nd

A
  • affects epidermis & dermis
  • red & blistered
  • several weeks of healing w/ scarring potential
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22
Q

Burns: 3rd

A
  • destruction of epidermis, dermis, and potentially fat, bone, and muscle
  • white, charred, and leathery
  • potential for skin grafting
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23
Q

Changes in integument w/ age: Thinning

A

decrease in elasticity, more injury prone

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24
Q

Changes in integument w/ age: Loss of collagen & elasticity

A

skin sagging & wrinkles

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25
Q

Changes in integument w/ age: Decrease sebum

A

results in dry, itchy skin

26
Q

Changes in integument w/ age: Decreased blood flow

A

loss of color; paleness

27
Q

Changes in integument w/ age: Increased UV sensititvity

A

increases skin cancer risk

28
Q

Most common skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma
- slow growing; typically found on face, neck, and chest
- curable w/ early detection

29
Q

Skeletal functions: Support

A

structure; protects internal organs

30
Q

Skeletal functions: Movement

A

collaborate w/ bones for muscle movement; flexibility & range of motion

31
Q

Skeletal functions: Protection

A

vital organs shield; ex. skull: brain

32
Q

Skeletal functions: Mineral storage

A

bones store calcium & phosphate; muscle contraction

33
Q

Skeletal functions: Blood production

A

bone marrow produces blood cells

34
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

smooth & flexible; found in many parts: nose, ribs, etc.; found in developing fetuses and young children

35
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

tough& fibrous; found in high stress areas: meniscus

36
Q

Children bones

A
  • flexible & resilient
  • more organic and less inorganic material
  • high metabolism rate = fast repair
  • injury prone
37
Q

Hemopoiesis

A
  • process of blood cell production that occurs in the bone marrow
  • Red marrow: responsible for RBC, WBC, and platelet production; young children bones & adult flat bones
  • Yellow marrow: adult long bone (femur), made mostly of fat
38
Q

Periosteum

A
  • outer layer
  • tough for bone protection & muscle attachment
  • contains blood vessels & nerves
39
Q

Endosteum

A
  • inner layer
  • lines medullary cavity that holds bone marrow contains blood vessels & nerves
40
Q

Long bone parts: Diaphysis

A

bone shaft

41
Q

Long bone parts: Epiphysis

A

end of bone; spongy & bone marrow

42
Q

Long bone parts: Metaphysis

A

between diaphysis & epiphysis; where growth plate is

43
Q

Long bone parts: Articular cartilage

A

white tissue that covers ends of bones; allows for smooth movement

44
Q

Long bone parts: Medullary cavity

A

hollow space where bone marrow is

45
Q

Cell types in bones: Osteoblasts

A
  • responsible for laying down new bone tissue
  • produce protein matrix called osteoid ( calcifies to form bone)
46
Q

Cell types in bones: Osteocytes

A
  • mature osteoblasts that are trapped in bone matrix
  • maintain bone tissue
  • regulates bone metabolism
47
Q

Cell types in bones: Osteoclasts

A
  • breaks down bone tissue
  • enzyme secretion that dissolves bone matrix -> minerals released into bloodstream
48
Q

Cell types in bones: Bone lining cells

A
  • flat cells that line the bone surface
  • regulates mineral exchange between bone & bloodstream
49
Q

Bone composition

A

organic: collagen and proteins that provide strength and elasticity
inorganic: hard, rigid material made up of calcium & phosphate that make the bone hard/ rigid

50
Q

Intramembranous

A
  • bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue without intermediate cartilage stage
  • responsible for flat bones formation
51
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A
  • bone forms from pre-existing cartilage model
  • responsible for the formation of most bones in the body; long bones, short bones
52
Q

Bones remodel, why?

A
  • repeated process of old bone tissue breakdown
  • required for maintaining bone strength
53
Q

Epiphyseal Plates

A
  • cartilage layers at the end of long bones
  • responsible for bone growth during adolescence
54
Q

Epiphyseal lines

A
  • when individual reaches skeletal maturity, the plates close and leave behind bony structure called epiphyseal lines
55
Q

Hormones & Bones

A

growth hormone: stimulates growth of tissue & bones
thyroid hormone: necessary for normal growth & development
sex hormone: estrogen/testosterone promote bone growth during puberty & maintain bone density in adulthood

56
Q

Bones & Hormones in Blood Calcium Homeostasis

A
  • parathyroid hormone secreted when blood calcium is low
  • PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone tissue to release calcium into blood stream
  • high blood calcium = calcitriol secretion
  • calcitriol promotes calcium absorption from intestines
57
Q

Pathological fracture

A

bones weakened by disease; can occur with minimal trauma

58
Q

Compound fracture

A

complete bone break w/ an open wound

59
Q

Simple fracture

A

complete bone break w/ no open wound

60
Q

Stress fracture

A

result of repeated stress, commonly seen in athletes that participate in jumping, dancing, etc.

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