Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards
What are the 5 classes of Echinodermata?
Asteroidea (Sea Star) Echinoidea (Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars) Crinoidea (Sea lilies, Feather stars) Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers) Ophiuroidea (Brittle Stars)
What are some main characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata?
- Spiny Skinned Animals
- deuterostomes
- tubefeet- used for locomotion & respiration
What Phylum do the Classes Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Crinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Ophiuroidea belong to?
Echinodermata
Animal associated with the class Asteroidea?
Seastar & starfish
Animal associated with the class Echinoidea?
Sea urchins & sand dollars
Animal associated with the class Crinoidea?
Sea lilies & feather stars
Animal associated with the class Holothuroidea?
sea cucumbers
Animal associated with the class Ophiuroidea?
brittle stars
What are some main characteristics of Phylum Chordata?
- called chordates
4 Characteristics
1) Notochord- flexible, rod like structure on dorsal side. made for support and becomes vertebral column.
2) Dorsal hollow nerve cord - between notochord & back surface. Becomes the brain and spinal cord.
3) Pharyngeal pouches/slits- openings for respiration (gas exchange)
4) Post anal tail - tail beyond the anus
Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord? Phylum?
between notochord & back surface. Becomes the brain and spinal cord. Phylum Chordata
Notochord? Phylum?
lexible, rod like structure on dorsal side. made for support and becomes vertebral column. Phylum Chordata
Pharyngeal pouches/slits? Phylum?
openings for respiration (gas exchange). Phylum Chordata
What are the subphylums of Phylum Chordata?
- Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)
- Subphylum Vertebrata ( 7 classes)
Characteristics of subphylum Cephalochordata? Phylum it belongs to?
Phylum Chordata
- lancelets (little worm like thing)
- Invertebrates
- motile
- segmented bodies
- adults keep all 4 characteristics
Classes of Subphylum Vertebrata?
- Agnatha (jawless fish)
- Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish-sharks, skates, rays)
- Osteichthyes (bony fish, trout)
- Amphibia (amphibians, frogs, toads, salamanders, newts)
- Reptilia (reptiles, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocs, alligators)
Characteristics of class Agnatha?
- jawless fish
- no bony structure
- skeleton of cartilage
- no collagen in body
- smooth body
- no scales/fins
Characteristics of class Chondrichthyes?
- cartilaginous fish, sharks, skates, rays
- skeleton of cartilage
- 5-7 gill slits with no operculum (covering)
- rough skin with placoid scales
- lateral line
- no swim bladder, store oil in liver for buoyancy
- cloaca:opening for 3 systems (digestive, urinary, reproductive)
Characteristics of class Osteichthyes?
- Bony fish
- skeleton of bones
- operculum over gills
- swim bladder present
- lateral line
- oviparous development- fertilization outside of the body
- lobe finned: fins supported by muscles and bones
- ray finned: fins supported by thin pieces of bones (rays)
Characteristics of class Amphibia?
- amphibians, frogs, toads
- moist and smooth skin, no scales
- no tails, only in salamanders and tadpoles
- 3 chambered heart
- breathing (Gills by larvae, Lungs by adults)
- oviparous development
- cloaca
- ectothermic poikilothermic- cannot regulate body temp through metabolism*
Characteristics of class Reptilia?
- reptiles, turtles, snakes, lizards, crocs, alligators n shit
- thick dry skin
- scales
- all have tails
- 3 chambered heart (crocodile has 4)
- respiration by lungs
- cloaca
- oviparous & ovoviviparous(internal fertilization)
- amniotic egg - has tissue layers that protect egg (soft)
- ectothermic
Characteristics of class Aves?
- birds
- modified scales - feathers
- no teeth, beak
- light skeleton
- large breast muscles
- lungs for respiration, air sacs
- 4 chambered heart
- cloaca
- internal fertilization
- hard amniotic egg
- endothermic & homeothermic: can regulate body themp through metabolism
Characteristics of class Mammalia?
- mammals
- hair on body
- females provide milk for young
- 4 chambered heart
- respiration through lungs
- endothermic & homeothermic
- viviparous- internal fertilization, young born alive after being nourished inside mothers body
3 groups of mammals?
1) placental- develop in mothers uterus, attached to placenta, very advanced
2) marsupials- start development inside and finish outside mother in a pouch. (kangaroos)
3 monotremes- lay eggs (platypus and echidna anteater)
Endothermic/homeothermic?
Animals that produce their own heat and have a constant body temperature.
Ectothermic/poikilothermic?
Animals that gain heat through the environment and adjust body temp to the environment around them.
4 major animal tissues?
- Epithelium
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
Epithelium tissue purpose?
forms coverings & linings over organs & surfaces.
- closely packed cells
- avascular ( no blood vessels in them)
Connective tissue purpose?
to connect and bind structures together
-loosely packed cells
Muscle tissue purpose?
specialized for contraction to produce movement.
Nervous tissue purpose?
specialized to conduct electrical signals throughout body.
Simple squamous?
Epithelium cells. Single layer of flat cells
- scale like
- Function: diffusion, filtration
- Location: lungs, kidneys
Simple cuboidal?
Epithelium cells. single layer of cube shaped cells.
- Function: secretion & absorption
- Location: kidneys & glands
Simple columnar?
Epithelium cells. single layer of column shaped cells.
- Function: secretion & absorption, movement with cilia
- Location: stomach & intestines
Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar?
Epithelium cells. FALSE single layer of cells with different heights.
Function: movement & secretion
Location: trachea & bronchi
Stratified squamous?
Epithelium cells. Many layers of flat cells
F- protection
L- epidermis (skin)
Exocrine epithelium?
secretes products into ducts that empty onto a surface
ex. salivary glands, sebaceous, sudoriferous
Endocrine epithelium?
secrete hormones into bloodstream
ex. thyroid, adrenal.
Loose (areolar) tissue?
Connective
jelly like, made up of different fibers
F-support organs, bind structures together, provide elasticity
L-under skin
Adipose tissue?
Connective
Fat tissue, same as areolar but with many adipocytes (fat cells)
F-protects organs, insulation
L-under skin, around organs
Cartilage tissue?
Connective
Hyaline; made up of large network of collagen fibers
F- support, strength, structure
L- around joints , trachea, larynx
Bone tissue?
Connective
same as hyaline, but with blood vessels & nerves and crystalized salts
F- movement, structure, support, protection, storage of minerals, blood cell protection
L- within skeleton
Blood tissue?
Connective made up of formed elements (3 Blood cells- 1)erythrocytes- red blood cells 2)leukocytes- white blood cells 3) platelets F- transport medium L- within blood vessels
Skeletal Muscle tissue?
long, cylindrical striated fibers
F- voluntary movement
L- attached to skeleton
Smooth Muscle tissue?
spindle-shaped fibers, non striated
F- involuntary movement
L-in hollow organs (stomach, intestines, blood vessels)
Cardiac Muscle tissue?
short, cylindrical, striated fibers = branching
F-involuntary movement
L-walls of heart
Nervous Tissue Characteristics?
Don’t regenerate
- made up two cells
1) neuroglia- support, protect + insulate neurons
2) neuron-send electrical signals throughout body
Characteristics of Feedback loops?
1) receptor- cells that sense changes
2) control- brain + spinal cord
3) effector- muscle, gland or organ that produces a response
Negative Feedback Loop?
original stimulus is stopped or slowed down then to balance
ex. blood pressure regulation, body temperature regulation
Positive Feedback Loop?
original stimulus is continued to reach an endpoint then to balance
ex. blood clotting
Definition: Homeostasis
a balance, the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment in changing external environments
-Nervous system is the #1 controller of homeostasis
Definition: Ectoderm
outer tissue, (skin & nervous system)
Definition: Mesoderm
middle, (muscles, bones, heart)
Definiton: Endoderm
inner, (digestive & urinary)
Definiton: Cloaca
Opening for 3 different systems
- digestive
- urinary
- reproductive
