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Kines 262 > Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

What are the primary functions of neurons?

A

Transfer and processing of information

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2
Q

What makes up nerves?

A

Nerves are made up of neurons (nerve fibers)

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3
Q

What are neurofibrils and neurofilaments?

A

Structures found within neurons

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4
Q

List the main components of a neuron.

A
  • Dendrites
  • Soma
  • Axon
  • Synaptic terminal
  • Myelin sheaths
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5
Q

What is the role of neuroglia?

A

Support cells of the nervous tissue

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6
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

Central Nervous System

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7
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  • Maintain blood/brain barrier
  • Promote neuron development
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8
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Form myelin sheaths to increase action potential conduction speed

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9
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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10
Q

What role do microglia serve?

A

Roving phagocytic cells

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11
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Support and surround cell bodies in the PNS

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12
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Form myelin sheaths to increase action potential conduction speed in the PNS

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13
Q

Describe anaxonic neurons.

A

Small neurons with no distinct axons

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14
Q

What are bipolar neurons characterized by?

A

Two projections: one axon and one dendrite
*sensory neurons

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15
Q

What type of neurons are pseudounipolar neurons?

A

Sensory neurons in the PNS with one projection that splits into two

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16
Q

What characterizes multipolar neurons?

A

Many dendrites and one axon
*Motor neurons

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17
Q

What does the epineurium surround?

A

Each nerve

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18
Q

What does the perineurium surround?

A

Each neural fascicle

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19
Q

What does the endoneurium surround?

A

Each individual neuron

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20
Q

Define a synapse.

A

Junction between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of another

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21
Q

What do neurotransmitters do?

A

Released across the synaptic cleft

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22
Q

What type of information do sensory neurons deliver?

A

Information to CNS from periphery

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23
Q

What type of information do motor neurons deliver?

A

Information to PNS from CNS

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24
Q

Where are interneurons located?

A

Entirely within the CNS

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25
What are exteroceptors?
Receptors that provide information from the outside environment
26
What are interoceptors?
Receptors that provide information from the internal environment
27
What do proprioceptors detect?
Changes in muscle position
28
What does the muscle spindle detect?
Changes in muscle length
29
What does the Golgi tendon detect?
Tension in muscle tendon
30
What do joint proprioceptors detect?
Position of a joint
31
What is the primary function of neurons?
Conduct electrical impulses (action potentials)
32
What ions are involved in the permeability of the axon membrane?
* Na+ * K+
33
Fill in the blank: The neuroeffector junction is a synapse between neuron and _______.
[another cell type]
34
What is the motor-end plate?
Where neuron meets muscle fiber
35
What are the three main divisions of the brain?
* Forebrain (prosencephalon) * Midbrain (mesencephalon) * Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
36
What is the primary function of the cerebrum(telencephalon)?
Conscious thoughts and complex motor patterns
37
What does the diencephalon include?
* Epithalamus * Thalamus * Hypothalamus *Hippocampus
38
What does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin; regulates sleep/wake cycle *part of the episode epithalamus
39
What is the function of the thalamus?
Sensory processing center
40
What does the hypothalamus control?
* Emotions * Autonomic control * Hormone secretion
41
What is the function of the hippocampus?
Memory
42
What are the functions of the midbrain?
Eye movements and auditory/visual processing
43
What does the pons regulate?
Breathing and heart rate *located on the metencephalon
44
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Coordination, planning of movements, posture, and fluid motions *in the metencephalon
45
What is the role of the medulla oblongata?
Relays sensory information to the thalamus and regulates autonomic function *in the myelencephalon
46
What are the lateral ventricles joined by?
Interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)
47
What connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle?
Cerebral aqueduct
48
What is the foramen of Magendie?
Narrows the 4th ventricle and becomes continuous with the central spinal canal
49
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
* Surrounds * Transports * Cushions the brain * Transports nutrients in CNS
50
How much CSF is formed daily?
500 mL/day
51
What is the mnemonic for cranial nerves?
On occasion our trusty truck acts funny, very good vehicle any how
52
What is the spinal cord's cervical region?
C1-C8
53
What are the meningeal layers?
* Dura Mater * Arachnoid mater * Pia Mater
54
What does the dura mater consist of?
Outermost, dense irregular connective tissue
55
What is the function of the arachnoid mater?
Middle layer, web-like, contains CSF
56
What is the pia mater?
Deepest layer, delicate loose connective tissue
57
What is white matter composed of?
Myelinated axons *Ascending tracts (afferent, sensory) *Descending tracts (efferent, motor)
58
What is gray matter composed of?
Nuclei, unmyelinated regions
59
What do dorsal/posterior horns contain?
Sensory nuclei (somatic and visceral)
60
What do ventral/anterior horns contain?
Motor nuclei (somatic)
61
What is an example of a peripheral nerve?
Brachial plexus *Musculocutaneous *Radial *Median *Axillary *Ulnar
62
What is a reflex arc?
Begins at a peripheral receptor and ends at a peripheral effector without requiring conscious thought *information is processed in interneuron and relayed to peripheral effector
63
What is the example of a reflex arc?
The patellar reflex
64
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
Unconscious actions and control *cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, and reproductive
65
What division is active under exertion and stress?
Sympathetic nervous system
66
What does the thoracolumbar division refer to?
Sympathetic nervous system
67
What do adrenal medullae release?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
68
What large molecule is broken down for energy in our nervous systems?
glycogenolysis
69
What does the parasympathetic nervous system initiate?
Anabolic buildup of larger molecules to store energy *active under low-stress; restful state
70
What is the craniosacral division?
Parasympathetic nervous system
71
What does the enteric nervous system control?
Localized intestinal function
72
What is hydrocephalus?
Buildup of CSF in cranium due to lack/blockage of flow
73
What causes a spinal tap headache?
Leakage of CSF causing drop in intracranial pressure
74
What is meningitis?
Inflammation of spinal meninges (bacterial or viral)
75
What is radiculopathy?
Pinched nerve or compression of nerve *aka a stinger *sciatica
76
What is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and its two types?
Stroke *ischemic-lack of blood *hemorrhagic-bleeding in brain
77
What is the Lystedt Law?
Players who have sustained a concussion must be removed from competition until authorized to return by qualified healthcare professional
78
What neuroglia are in the CNS?
*astrocytes *oligodendrites *ependymal cells *microglia
79
What are the characteristics of sensory neurons
*Afferent fibers *Somatic(outside world) *Visceral (internal world) *Pseudo-unipolar neurons
80
What are the characteristics of motor neurons?
*efferent fibers *Somatic (conscious control) *Visceral (unconscious control) *Multipolar neurons
81
Are receptors somatic or visceral or both?
Both
82
What is the order of impulses of neurons?
*stimulus —> receptor —> effector
83
What are the different sub divisions of the brain?
Forebrain (prosencephalon) *telencephalon(cerebrum) *Diencephalon Midbrain (mesencephalon) *no sub divisions Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) *Metencephalon * Myelencephalon
84
Cranial nerve numbers and names
CN I Olfactory CN II Optic CN III Oculomotor CN IV Trochlear CN V Trigeminal CN VI Abducens CN VII Facial CN VIII Vestibulocochlear CN IX Glossopharyngeal CN X Vagus CN XI Accessory CN XII Hypoglossal
85
Type of nerve associated with cranial nerves mnemonic
Some say marry money, but my brother says big butts matter most
86
Order of nerve types in cranial nerves
Sensory Sensory Motor Motor Both Motor Both Sensory Both Both Motor Motor
87
Levels of the spinal cord
Cervical region C1-C8 Thoracic region T1-T12 Lumbar region L1-L5 Sacral region S1-S5 Coccygeal region C0
88
Meningeal layers (DAP)
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
89
Gray matter 3 horns
Dorsal/posterior horn Middle/lateral horn Ventral/anterior horn
90
What do middle/lateral horns contain?
Motor nuclei, visceral
91
What is the adrenal medullae apart of?
*sympathetic nervous system
92
What is thoracic outlet syndrome?
compression of neuromuscular bundle, anterior/middle scalene muscles, brachial plexus, subclavian artery/vein
93
CN I
Olfactory: sensory
94
CN II
Optic: sensory
95
CN III
Oculomotor: motor
96
CN IV
Trochlear: motor
97
CN V
Trigemenal: both
98
CN VI:
Abducens: motor
99
CN VII:
Facial: both
100
CN VIII:
Vestibulocochlear: sensory
101
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal: both
102
CN X:
Vagus: both
103
CN XI:
Accessory: motor
104
CN XII:
Hypoglossal: motor

Kines 262 (2 decks)

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