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Vertebrate Zoology > Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Features of Modern Mammals

A

-Synapsid Skull
-One large skull opening
-Running Gait
-Little or no lateral undulation
-Dentary
-Squamosal jaw joint; 3 ear ossicles
-Endothermy
-Hair
-Insulation
-Mammary glands
-Heavy female parental care
-“Eggs”
-Mostly viviparous
-Altricial young
-Primitavely
-Great parental care
-Dentary only in lower jaw
-Heterodont, Thecodont
-Single tooth replacement
-“Milk” teeth are replaced
-Molars cusped and occlusal
-Surface makes contact with opposing tooth
-3 vertebral regions
-Cervical, thoracic, lumbar
-Only thoracic ribs
-Muscular diaphragm

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2
Q

Features of Earliest Synapsids

A

-Synapsid Skull
-Crawling Gait
-Sprawled limbs
-Quadrate-articular jaw joint
-One ear ossicle
-Ectothermic
-Epidermal Scales
-No skin glands
-Large megalecithal eggs
-Precocial young, little parental care
-Several lower jaw bones
-Homodont to heterodont teeth
-Continuous tooth replacement
-No molar occlusion
-No vertebral differentiation other than cervical
-All vertebrae with ribs
-No diaphragm

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3
Q

Describe the amniotic egg

A

-The amniotic egg is surrounded by a shell. Inside of that shell is the albumin, followed by the chorion. Inside of that is the allantois that helps protect the embryo. The final layer is the amnion which helps to surround and protect the developing brain of the embryo.

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4
Q

What features do crocs have that allow them to feed and breath at the same time?

A

-Nostrils are dorsally located at the tip of the snout and can be closed by valves
-A well-developed secondary palate completely separates the buccal and respiratory passages
-The internal nares open in the throat behind the secondary palate and can be closed off from the throat by fleshy folds on the back of the tongue and palate

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5
Q

What are the purposes of vocalization in crocs?

A

-Territorial bellowing during breeding season
-Aggressive warnings to intruders
-Signals given to neonates within the nest to elicit nest opening
-Some evidence suggests, young communicate to each other within the egg to synchronize hatching
-After hatching, vocalize to maintain group cohesiveness and to alert adults of potential threats
-Sounds produced by vocal cords or by the rapid contraction of the body wall musculature underwater
-Sounds are of low frequency: grunts, roars, coughs, and purrs

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6
Q

Describe the four tooth types found in snakes.

A

-Aglyph: homodont maxillary dentition
-Opisthoglyph: posterior pair of teeth on each maxilla is enlarged (rear-fanged)
-Proteroglyph
each maxilla is relatively long and bears a single hollow fang on its anterior end (usually more teeth behind fang)
The fang is not erected by extensive rotation of the maxilla around the prefrontal bone
-Solenoglyph: maxilla is extremely reduced and never bears teeth other than a hollow fang and the fang is erected by rotation of the maxilla on the prefrontal bone

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7
Q

Describe the venom types found among snakes

A

-Hemorrhagins: destroy blood vessel linings
-Hemolysins: destroy red blood cells
-Myotoxins: destroy skeletal muscle
-Neurotoxins: act at synaptic or neuromuscular junctions

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8
Q

Describe Vision in snakes

A

-Well developed vision
-Vision is most important sense
-Unusual Eyes
-Snakes have no ciliary muscle, which is different from other tetrapods and a shared derived character of serpentes
-The entire lens is moved with respect to teh retina by means of muscles within the iris

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9
Q

Describe Infrared Receptors in Snakes

A

-In Boidae: receptors are located in pits in the upper and lower labial and/or rostral scales
-In Crotalinae: single pit is present between the eye and nostril on either side of the head
-All infrared receptors are innervated by the trigeminal nerve
-Snakes without specialized pit receptors can also sense infrared radiation
-The structure of the pits is such that very precise directionality and distance of the source can be measured
-Thermal and visual cues are integrated in the optic region of the brain giving the snakes superimposed visual and infrared images of their environment

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10
Q

Visual Prey Detection

A

-Used by most reptiles that are sit and wait
-Some active foragers
-Success depends on binocular perception in many species

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11
Q

Chemosensory Prey Detection

A

-Use one of three chemical senses (olfaction, vomerofaction, taste)
-First two are for prey location and identification
-Olfaction is long distance airborne
-Vomerofaction is short distance airborne or surface
-Taste is used to discriminate not locate

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12
Q

Auditory Prey Detection

A

-Largely undocumented
-Fossorial forms use seismic vibrations

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13
Q

Thermal Prey Detection

A

snakes with infrared sensitive pits

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14
Q

Tactile Prey Detection

A

-Poorly understood
-Crocs detecting animal’s at water’s edge

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15
Q

Features of Order Pelycosauria

A

-Primitive forms
-Dimetrodon
-Limbs splayed side to side; crawling gait
-Quadrate-articular jaw joint
-Herbivores and carnivores
-Large radiation in Permian (250 mya)
-Disapperaed in mass extinction (end of Permian, 230 mya)
-Mostly large (2-3 m)

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16
Q

Features of Order Teraspida

A

-Advanced mammal-like reptiles
-Cynognatus (dog jaw)
-May have been warm blooded
-Running limb gait, limbs rotated under body, -altered locomotion
-Hetetrodont teeth, molars cusped, and occlusal
-Short, tall skull, quadrate/squamosal-dentary/ -articular jaw joint
-Large radiation: herbivores and carnivores; small (rodent sized) to large (4m)
-Appear in mid-permian (250 mya) but diversify after extinction of pelycosaurs (230 mya)

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17
Q

Describe the anatomy of hair

A

-Most mammals drab because not much pigment color
-May be related to nocturnal origin

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18
Q

Describe the function of hair

A

-Insulation
-touch-vibrissae(whiskers)

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19
Q

Describe the Origin of hair

A

-Develops between epidermal scales (new structure)
-Papillae often attached to touch receptor
-Present in therapsids
-Develops first for touch, then for insulation

20
Q

Features Subclass Proteheria

A

-Egg laying mammals
-3 species
-Milk glands without nipples
-Oviparous: typical “reptilian” egg
- Species
-Platypus: nest with 2 eggs
-Echidna: 1 egg in pouch
-Short incubation (10 days), long gestation period (5 months)

21
Q

Features Subclass Theria

A

-Nipples
-Viviparous
-Infraclass Metatheria
-Marsupials (260 species)
-Choriovitteline placenta
-Yolk sac/chorion
-Infraclass Eutheria
-True mammals (4000 species)
-Chorioallantoic placenta
-chorion/allantois

22
Q

Structure of Mammalian Integument

A

-Epidermis
-Dermis
-Stratum Basale
-Stratum Spinosum
-Stratum Granulosum
-Stratum Lucidum
-Stratum Corneum

23
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

-Produce an oily secretion, sebum, that is released into hair follicles in order to condition and waterproof the fur
-Absent from the palms and soles of the feet
-Present without associated hair at the angles of the mouth, on the penis, near the vagina, and next to the mammary nipples; lubricate the skin
-Wax glands of outer ear canal and Meibomian glands of eyelid are probably derived from sebaceous glands

24
Q

Sweat Glands

A

-Produce sweat
-Two Types:
One type produces thin swat and is associated with hair follicles and begins functioning at puberty; is responsible for body odor

25
Q

Scent Glands

A

-Are derived from sweat glands
-For social communication to mark territory, identify individuals, and communicate during courtship
-Located in many regions of the body
-Chin (deer, rabbits), face (deer, antelope, bats), anal region (rodents, dogs, cats, mustelids)

26
Q

Mammary Glands

A

-Function only in females and produce milk
-Milk: a watery mixture of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
-Lactation: the release of milk to a suckling

27
Q

Specialized Structure: Nails

A

-Plates of tightly compacted cornified epithelial cells
-Nail matrix forms new nail at the nail base by pushing existing nail forward
-Protects tips of digits
-Only in primates

28
Q

Specialized Structure: Claws or Talons

A

curved, laterally compressed keratinized projections from the tips of digits

29
Q

Specialized Structure: Hooves

A

enlarged keratinized plates on the tips of ungulate digits

30
Q

Specialized Structure: Horns

A

-Associated integument produces a tough, cornified sheath that fits over a bony core
-Found only in the family bovidae (cattle, antelope, sheep)
-Common in both sexes
-Grow throughout life
-Unbranched
-Usually smaller or absent in females
-Function in defense and male/male combat

31
Q

Specialized Structure: Antlers

A

-Overlying living skin (velvet) shapes and provides blood to growing bone
-Velvet eventually falls away
-Only in cervidae (deer)
-Usually only in males
-Annual cycle
-Used for combat
-Branched: main beam and tines

32
Q

Features of the Kinetic Skull

A

-Kinetic Skull
Present in almost all birds
Typical bird
Gull, icteridae (black birds and meadowlarks)
Probing-billed bird
The quadrate will push on the jugal and pterygoid which will transmit this force down and the bill to the flexible tip
Lizards-like basic bird
-Ultimate Kinetic Skull
Snakes
One of the most mobile of all skulls
Act of opening the lower jaw also moves all bones with teeth in upper haw forward and flips out fangs

33
Q

Features of the Immobile Skull

A

-Non-Kinetic
-Primative Ray finned fishes (bowfin)
-Lungfishes (all upper jawbones solidly fused to skull)
-Anceses of kinesis in amphibians may be retention of this primitive feature from ancestor with lungfish
-No kinesis in amphibians, crocodilians, turtles, or mammals
-Present in synapsid “reptiles” helped in the development of power in the early years

34
Q

Describe the types and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion

A
35
Q

Compare the hip structures

A
36
Q

Which groups are precursors to birds? Why?

A

-Coelurosaurs
Long forelimbs that folded to sides like wings
Bipedal
Cursorial; running; no grasping or climbing
Forelimbs powerful down and forward stroke to stab prey
Gentle up and back to retract prey

37
Q

Skin Glands of Birds

A

-Uropgial Gland
Located at the tail base
Secretes a lipid and protein product
Birds collect it on bill and smear it on feathers
Water-proofing and conditioning
-Salt Gland
Well developed in marine birds
Excretes excess salt ingested in the marine environment
Feathers and skin of the hooded pitohui from New Guinea are laced with secretions similar to those of the dart poison frog; antipredator, aposomatic coloration

38
Q

Describe the types and functions of feathers.

A

-Contour Feathers: give aerodynamic shape to the bird
-Down: for thermal insulation
-Filoplumes: specialized for display and provide aerodynamic shape
-Flight Feathers: flight

39
Q

Describe the Mechanics of Flight

A
40
Q

Describe the Various Types of Flight

A
41
Q

Describe the two hypotheses at to why the earliest birds flew

A

-Glide from Tree Tops
Used to escape predators or perhaps catch food; similar to gliding in other vertebrates
Feathers advanced beyond function of thermoregulation to perform as airfoils
Flapping flight evolves from this-fly from tree to tree
Widely accepted among bird biologists
-Glide from Ground
Used to run, jump, glide, and catch prey
Flapping flight evolves to get from site to site

42
Q

What structural features allow for more efficent flight among birds?

A

-Lightweight but strong bones
-Airsacs
-One way lung; efficient oxygen uptake
-Fusion of vertebrae
Strong attachment of ribs and shoulder girdle
-Short tail
Fan shaped
-Keeled sternum
-No teeth;light head; visual oriented or sound oriented; crop gizzard
-Reduced gonads
Seasonal reproduction; one gonad in birds
-Loss of hands compensated by neck for walking
-Special tendons for grasping and holding
-Eat high energy; low weight food

43
Q

Breathing in Amphibians

A

Breathing in Amphibians
Air enters buccal cavity through nostrils
Intermandibularis pumps after nostrils close, air fills lungs
Nostrils open, pressurized air flows out, inhale takes energy, exhale passive

44
Q

Breathing in Reptiles

A

Ribs and intercostals muscle expand lung cavity. Negative pressure inspires air much more efficient at bringing in large volume of air-larger cavity than mouth cavity
Lung cavity compresses to force air out

45
Q

Breathing in Birds

A

-Inhale
Similar to reptiles; ribcage and sternum swing out to inspire air-but air goes through broncus to posterior air sacs
-Exhale
Ribs return; air flows from posterior air sac through lungs to anterior air sacs; air already in anterior sacs expired
-One way flow of oxygen rich air through lungs good for high metabolic rates
Posterior air sacs invade synsacrum and femur; lighter
Anterior air sacs invade humerous; lighter

46
Q

Breathing in Mammals

A

Similar to reptiles but diaphragm does most of work
Diaphragm contracts; neagtive pressure inspiration; intercostals expand rib cage
Diaphragm relaxes and bows up forcing air out, rib cage collapses

Vertebrate Zoology (3 decks)

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