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PDBIO 220 > Lecture Exam 2 Memorization > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Memorization Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

olfactory; sense of smell

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2
Q

Action of occipitalis

A

moves scalp posteriorly

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3
Q

Action of infraspinatus

A

laterally rotates humerus (with teres minor)

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4
Q

Parietal lobe functions

A

sensory interpretation of textures and shapes; understanding speech (Wernicke’s area)

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5
Q

Action of lateral pterygoid

A

depresses mandible; moves mandible side to side (excursion)

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6
Q

PNS analog of astrocytes

A

satellite cells

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7
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

A

facial; controls muscles involved in facial expression; also responsible for the sense of taste in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue; also responsible for the production of saliva and tears

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8
Q

Insula lobe functions

A

taste

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9
Q

Cranial Nerve V

A

trigeminal; cutaneous senses of the face, teeth, and tongue; controls the muscles of mastication

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10
Q

Where are fungiform papillae found?

A

anterior 2/3 of tongue

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11
Q

Major functions of microglial cells

A

Clean up debris; Fight infection; Least abundant in CNS

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12
Q

Which spinal nerves make up the lumbar plexus? The sacral plexus?

A

Lumbar: L1-L4
Sacral: L4-S4

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13
Q

Functions of thalamus

A

relay sensory and motor information (required synapse for all but olfactory); some processing

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14
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII

A

vestibulocochlear; senses of hearing and balance

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15
Q

Where is conus medullaris found?

A

L1 or L2 level

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16
Q

Main function(s) of multipolar neurons

A

almost all neurons in the CNS and PNS (mostly efferent information)

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17
Q

Hip abductors

A

gluteus medius; gluteus minimus

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18
Q

Cranial Nerve XI

A

accessory; controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles to move head, neck, and shoulders

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19
Q

order of lacrimal system flow

A

lacrimal glands > canaliculi > nasolacrimal sac > nasolacrimal canal > nasal cavity

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20
Q

Most abundant neuron type in body

A

multipolar

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21
Q

Where are circumvallate papillae found?

A

back of tongue

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22
Q

Where are filiform papillae found?

A

anterior 2/3 of tongue

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23
Q

What early brain structure ends up forming the eye cups?

A

diencephalon (from prosencephalon)

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24
Q

Action of orbicularis oculi

A

squints eyes

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25
Q

What do muscles spindles sense?

A

muscle stretch

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26
Q

What do nociceptors sense?

A

temperature, pain

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27
Q

Action of depressor anguli oris

A

pulls corners of mouth in a frown

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28
Q

Action of deltoid

A

major abductor of shoulder; also facilitates flexion and extension

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29
Q

Perineurium covers…

A

nerve fascicles

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30
Q

Which spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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31
Q

What is the endomysium made of?

A

connective tissue layer of collagen and reticular fibers

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32
Q

What are the basal nuclei and what are their functions?

A

group of nuclei deep in cerebrum (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus); responsible for starting, stopping, and monitoring movement

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33
Q

Action of gracilis

A

adduct hip; flex knee

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34
Q

Action of nasalis

A

elevates corners of nostrils

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35
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) gustation?

A

VII and IX

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36
Q

What do Merkel cells (tacile disks) sense?

A

light touch and pressure

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37
Q

What do tarsal glands do?

A

special kind of sebaceous gland found within the eyelids at the base of the eyelids; produce oily secretion to keep tears in the eye and help prevent evaporation

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38
Q

Main function(s) of unipolar neurons

A

exclusively sensory neurons

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39
Q

What does deep fascia do?

A

wraps muscle groups

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40
Q

Action of levator labii superioris

A

elevates corner of mouth

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41
Q

Which spinal nerves make up the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4

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42
Q

Endoneurium covers…

A

axons

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43
Q

Where are foliate papillae found?

A

lateral tongue

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44
Q

What is the submucosal plexus responsible for?

A

innervates secretory glands in gut; helps in producing secretions

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45
Q

Action of posterior thigh muscles

A

flex the knee and extend the hip

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46
Q

What is the common insertion of the knee extensors?

A

tibial tuberosity

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47
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

A

abducens; controls eye movements by innervating the lateral rectus muscle

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48
Q

Components of PNS

A

nerves; ganglia (everything outside of CNS)

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49
Q

Action of the mucles in the medial compartment of the thigh

A

adduct the hip

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50
Q

Brainstem functions

A

ascending sensory tracks and descending motor tracks; various nuclei that regulate body functions HR/BP/Respiration); coughing sneezing, vomiting; reticular activating system helps to regulate sleep/wake cycles and alertness/arousal states

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51
Q

What is the largest pure endocrine gland?

A

thyroid gland

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52
Q

Major functions of ependymal cells

A

Line brain ventricles; Make CSF

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53
Q

Where does the patellar ligament attach?

A

tibial tuberosity

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54
Q

Functions of hypothalamus

A 
B - behavior
E - emotion
E - endocrine
T - temperature
S - sleep/wake
H - hunger/thirst
A - autonomic
M - memory
55
Q

How many pairs of each type of spinal nerve?

A 
C: 8
T: 12
L: 5
S: 5
Co: 1
56
Q

Action of temporalis

A

elevates and retracts mandible

57
Q

What is an example of an organ that is not dually innervated?

A

Some blood vessels; constriction by sympathetic, no innervated by parasympathetic; effects achieved by toning sympathetic NS up and down

Sweat glands are another example; only receive sympathetic input

58
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) equilibrium?

A

VIII

59
Q

Action of anterior thigh muscles

A

flex the hip and extend the knee

60
Q

Functions of hippocampus

A

long-term memory formation; emotional responses

61
Q

Action of masseter

A

elevates and protracts mandible

62
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

infraspinatus; supraspinatus; teres minor; subscapularis

63
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

segment of skin innervated by a pair of spinal nerves

64
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A

oculomotor; eye movements - controls four of the extraocular muscles: superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique; also lifts upper eyelid and constricts pupil

65
Q

Action of buccinator

A

compresses cheek as in sucking

66
Q

What does the sacral plexus innervate?

A

all lower limb except the anterior/medial thigh

67
Q

Action of zygomaticus

A

elevates lateral part of mouth

68
Q

PNS analog of oligodendrocytes

A

Schwann cells

69
Q

Action of subscapularis

A

medially rotates humerus

70
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

vagus; controls muscles for swallowing; leaves head and neck area into thoracic and abdominal cavities to control respiratory tract, heart, and digestive organs, transmits visceral sensations from these organs to brainstem

71
Q

Components of neural tunic

A

retina (photoreceptors)

72
Q

Gray matter of spinal cord contains…

A

cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons of PNS

73
Q

Temporal lobe functions

A

auditory; olfactory; memory

74
Q

Shoulder abductor

A

deltoid

75
Q

What is the epimysium composed of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

76
Q

What is the myenteric plexus responsible for?

A

innervates smooth muscle of gut

77
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles sense?

A

deep touch or pressure

78
Q

What releases calcitonin?

A

thyroid gland

79
Q

What do golgi tendon organs sense?

A

tendon stretch

80
Q

Functions of limbic system

A

emotion, memory, motivation

made up of fornix, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus

81
Q

Action of teres major

A

extends shoulder and assists in adduction and medial rotation

82
Q

Occipital lobe functions

A

vision

83
Q

The incus is attached to the ___________ medially and the ____________ laterally.
A. malleus; stapes

A

stapes; malleus

84
Q

Functions of medulla

A

cardiac center; vasomotor center; respiratory center; reflexes (coughing, sneezing, gagging, vomiting, etc.)

85
Q

What is the common origin of the knee flexors?

A

ischial tuberosity

86
Q

Hip extensors

A

gluteus maximus; semitendinosus; semimembranosus; biceps femoris

87
Q

Hip flexors

A

iliopsoas; psoas major; iliacus; rectus femoris

88
Q

What do Meissner corpuscles sense?

A

light touch and pressure

89
Q

Cranial Nerve XII

A

hypoglossals; controls muscles of the tongue

90
Q

Cranial Nerve IX

A

glossopharyngeal; controls muscles of the oral cavity and upper throat that allow swallowing; also responsible for the sense of taste in the posterior 1/3 of tongue; also responsible for the production of saliva

91
Q

Elbow flexors

A

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

92
Q

Components of CNS

A

brain; spinal cord

93
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) olfaction?

A

I

94
Q

Epinuerium covers…

A

Outer surface of nerve

95
Q

Hip adductors

A

pectineus; adductor longus/brevis/magnus; gracilis

96
Q

What tendon is common to all four of the quadriceps femoris muscles?

A

quadriceps (patellar) tendon

97
Q

Action of levator anguli oris

A

elevates corner of mouth

98
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) vision?

A

II

99
Q

What do Ruffini corpuscles sense?

A

skin stretch

100
Q

Postcentral gyrus functions

A

primary somatosensory cortex

101
Q

Precentral gyrus functions

A

primary motor cortex (controls movements); Broca’s area for speech/language production

102
Q

Elbow extensors

A

triceps brachii, anconeus

103
Q

Components of fibrous tunic

A

sclera, cornea

104
Q

Action of depressor labii inferioris

A

pulls lower lip downward

105
Q

What replaces skeletal muscle in muscular dystrophy?

A

adipose and fibrous connective tissue

106
Q

Functions of amygdala

A

long-term memory formation; emotional responses

107
Q

Action of frontalis

A

raises eyebrows

108
Q

Components of vascular tunic

A

choroid, ciliary body, suspensory ligaments, iris

109
Q

What is the action of corrugator supercilii?

A

moves the eyebrows medially

110
Q

Shoulder adductors/extensors

A

latissimus dorsi; teres major

111
Q

Ganglia contain…

A

neuron cell bodies/dendrites of sensory neurons in PNS

112
Q

Major functions of astrocytes

A

Control environment around neurons (ions and NT); Help to produce the BBB (foot processes wrap around capillaries); React to tissue damage

113
Q

Action of teres minor

A

laterally rotates humerus (with infraspinatus)

114
Q

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic exits the brainstem at which cranial nerves?

A

III
VII
IX
X

115
Q

Action of supraspinatus

A

abducts the humerus

116
Q

What do hair follicle receptors sense?

A

movement of hair

117
Q

Are spinal nerves part of the central or peripheral NS?

A

PERIPHERAL

118
Q

Which cranial nerves have both sensory and motor functions?

A

V
VII
IX
X

119
Q

Where is the lateral horn found and what is it a central component of?

A

thoracic and upper lumbar regions; sympathetic NS

120
Q

Action of medial pterygoid

A

elevates mandible; moves mandible side to side (excursion)

121
Q

What does the lumbar plexus innervate?

A

anterior and medial thigh

122
Q

Shoulder adductors/flexors

A

coracobrachialis; pectoralis major

123
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A

decision making; personality; verbal communication (Broca’s area); voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles

124
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

A

trochlear; controls eye movements through innervating the superior oblique muscle

125
Q

Action of orbicularis oris

A

closes lips as in kissing

126
Q

What is a fixator?

A

a muscle stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover’s origin

127
Q

Action of sartorius

A

flexes the knee and flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip

128
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) audition?

A

VIII

129
Q

Action of mentalis

A

elevates and wrinkles skin of chin; protrudes lower lip

130
Q

What do ceruminous glands do?

A

Produce earwax (cerumen)

131
Q

Main function(s) of bipolar neurons

A

special senses (olfactory epithelium, retina, inner ear)

132
Q

Cranial Nerve II

A

optic; sense of vision

133
Q

Nerves contain…

A

axons in PNS (also have connective tissue, blood vessels; covered by epineurium)

PDBIO 220 (3 decks)

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