Lecture Exam 2 Memorization Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Cranial Nerve I
A
olfactory; sense of smell
2
Q
Action of occipitalis
A
moves scalp posteriorly
3
Q
Action of infraspinatus
A
laterally rotates humerus (with teres minor)
4
Q
Parietal lobe functions
A
sensory interpretation of textures and shapes; understanding speech (Wernicke’s area)
5
Q
Action of lateral pterygoid
A
depresses mandible; moves mandible side to side (excursion)
6
Q
PNS analog of astrocytes
A
satellite cells
7
Q
Cranial Nerve VII
A
facial; controls muscles involved in facial expression; also responsible for the sense of taste in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue; also responsible for the production of saliva and tears
8
Q
Insula lobe functions
A
taste
9
Q
Cranial Nerve V
A
trigeminal; cutaneous senses of the face, teeth, and tongue; controls the muscles of mastication
10
Q
Where are fungiform papillae found?
A
anterior 2/3 of tongue
11
Q
Major functions of microglial cells
A
Clean up debris; Fight infection; Least abundant in CNS
12
Q
Which spinal nerves make up the lumbar plexus? The sacral plexus?
A
Lumbar: L1-L4
Sacral: L4-S4
13
Q
Functions of thalamus
A
relay sensory and motor information (required synapse for all but olfactory); some processing
14
Q
Cranial Nerve VIII
A
vestibulocochlear; senses of hearing and balance
15
Q
Where is conus medullaris found?
A
L1 or L2 level
16
Q
Main function(s) of multipolar neurons
A
almost all neurons in the CNS and PNS (mostly efferent information)
17
Q
Hip abductors
A
gluteus medius; gluteus minimus
18
Q
Cranial Nerve XI
A
accessory; controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles to move head, neck, and shoulders
19
Q
order of lacrimal system flow
A
lacrimal glands > canaliculi > nasolacrimal sac > nasolacrimal canal > nasal cavity
20
Q
Most abundant neuron type in body
A
multipolar
21
Q
Where are circumvallate papillae found?
A
back of tongue
22
Q
Where are filiform papillae found?
A
anterior 2/3 of tongue
23
Q
What early brain structure ends up forming the eye cups?
A
diencephalon (from prosencephalon)
24
Q
Action of orbicularis oculi
A
squints eyes
25
What do muscles spindles sense?
muscle stretch
26
What do nociceptors sense?
temperature, pain
27
Action of depressor anguli oris
pulls corners of mouth in a frown
28
Action of deltoid
major abductor of shoulder; also facilitates flexion and extension
29
Perineurium covers...
nerve fascicles
30
Which spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
31
What is the endomysium made of?
connective tissue layer of collagen and reticular fibers
32
What are the basal nuclei and what are their functions?
group of nuclei deep in cerebrum (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus); responsible for starting, stopping, and monitoring movement
33
Action of gracilis
adduct hip; flex knee
34
Action of nasalis
elevates corners of nostrils
35
Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) gustation?
VII and IX
36
What do Merkel cells (tacile disks) sense?
light touch and pressure
37
What do tarsal glands do?
special kind of sebaceous gland found within the eyelids at the base of the eyelids; produce oily secretion to keep tears in the eye and help prevent evaporation
38
Main function(s) of unipolar neurons
exclusively sensory neurons
39
What does deep fascia do?
wraps muscle groups
40
Action of levator labii superioris
elevates corner of mouth
41
Which spinal nerves make up the cervical plexus?
C1-C4
42
Endoneurium covers...
axons
43
Where are foliate papillae found?
lateral tongue
44
What is the submucosal plexus responsible for?
innervates secretory glands in gut; helps in producing secretions
45
Action of posterior thigh muscles
flex the knee and extend the hip
46
What is the common insertion of the knee extensors?
tibial tuberosity
47
Cranial Nerve VI
abducens; controls eye movements by innervating the lateral rectus muscle
48
Components of PNS
nerves; ganglia (everything outside of CNS)
49
Action of the mucles in the medial compartment of the thigh
adduct the hip
50
Brainstem functions
ascending sensory tracks and descending motor tracks; various nuclei that regulate body functions HR/BP/Respiration); coughing sneezing, vomiting; reticular activating system helps to regulate sleep/wake cycles and alertness/arousal states
51
What is the largest pure endocrine gland?
thyroid gland
52
Major functions of ependymal cells
Line brain ventricles; Make CSF
53
Where does the patellar ligament attach?
tibial tuberosity
54
Functions of hypothalamus
```
B - behavior
E - emotion
E - endocrine
T - temperature
S - sleep/wake
H - hunger/thirst
A - autonomic
M - memory
```
55
How many pairs of each type of spinal nerve?
```
C: 8
T: 12
L: 5
S: 5
Co: 1
```
56
Action of temporalis
elevates and retracts mandible
57
What is an example of an organ that is not dually innervated?
Some blood vessels; constriction by sympathetic, no innervated by parasympathetic; effects achieved by toning sympathetic NS up and down
Sweat glands are another example; only receive sympathetic input
58
Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) equilibrium?
VIII
59
Action of anterior thigh muscles
flex the hip and extend the knee
60
Functions of hippocampus
long-term memory formation; emotional responses
61
Action of masseter
elevates and protracts mandible
62
Rotator cuff muscles
infraspinatus; supraspinatus; teres minor; subscapularis
63
What is a dermatome?
segment of skin innervated by a pair of spinal nerves
64
Cranial Nerve III
oculomotor; eye movements - controls four of the extraocular muscles: superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique; also lifts upper eyelid and constricts pupil
65
Action of buccinator
compresses cheek as in sucking
66
What does the sacral plexus innervate?
all lower limb except the anterior/medial thigh
67
Action of zygomaticus
elevates lateral part of mouth
68
PNS analog of oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
69
Action of subscapularis
medially rotates humerus
70
Cranial Nerve X
vagus; controls muscles for swallowing; leaves head and neck area into thoracic and abdominal cavities to control respiratory tract, heart, and digestive organs, transmits visceral sensations from these organs to brainstem
71
Components of neural tunic
retina (photoreceptors)
72
Gray matter of spinal cord contains...
cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons of PNS
73
Temporal lobe functions
auditory; olfactory; memory
74
Shoulder abductor
deltoid
75
What is the epimysium composed of?
dense irregular connective tissue
76
What is the myenteric plexus responsible for?
innervates smooth muscle of gut
77
What do Pacinian corpuscles sense?
deep touch or pressure
78
What releases calcitonin?
thyroid gland
79
What do golgi tendon organs sense?
tendon stretch
80
Functions of limbic system
emotion, memory, motivation
made up of fornix, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus
81
Action of teres major
extends shoulder and assists in adduction and medial rotation
82
Occipital lobe functions
vision
83
The incus is attached to the ___________ medially and the ____________ laterally.
A. malleus; stapes
stapes; malleus
84
Functions of medulla
cardiac center; vasomotor center; respiratory center; reflexes (coughing, sneezing, gagging, vomiting, etc.)
85
What is the common origin of the knee flexors?
ischial tuberosity
86
Hip extensors
gluteus maximus; semitendinosus; semimembranosus; biceps femoris
87
Hip flexors
iliopsoas; psoas major; iliacus; rectus femoris
88
What do Meissner corpuscles sense?
light touch and pressure
89
Cranial Nerve XII
hypoglossals; controls muscles of the tongue
90
Cranial Nerve IX
glossopharyngeal; controls muscles of the oral cavity and upper throat that allow swallowing; also responsible for the sense of taste in the posterior 1/3 of tongue; also responsible for the production of saliva
91
Elbow flexors
biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis
92
Components of CNS
brain; spinal cord
93
Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) olfaction?
I
94
Epinuerium covers...
Outer surface of nerve
95
Hip adductors
pectineus; adductor longus/brevis/magnus; gracilis
96
What tendon is common to all four of the quadriceps femoris muscles?
quadriceps (patellar) tendon
97
Action of levator anguli oris
elevates corner of mouth
98
Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) vision?
II
99
What do Ruffini corpuscles sense?
skin stretch
100
Postcentral gyrus functions
primary somatosensory cortex
101
Precentral gyrus functions
primary motor cortex (controls movements); Broca's area for speech/language production
102
Elbow extensors
triceps brachii, anconeus
103
Components of fibrous tunic
sclera, cornea
104
Action of depressor labii inferioris
pulls lower lip downward
105
What replaces skeletal muscle in muscular dystrophy?
adipose and fibrous connective tissue
106
Functions of amygdala
long-term memory formation; emotional responses
107
Action of frontalis
raises eyebrows
108
Components of vascular tunic
choroid, ciliary body, suspensory ligaments, iris
109
What is the action of corrugator supercilii?
moves the eyebrows medially
110
Shoulder adductors/extensors
latissimus dorsi; teres major
111
Ganglia contain...
neuron cell bodies/dendrites of sensory neurons in PNS
112
Major functions of astrocytes
Control environment around neurons (ions and NT); Help to produce the BBB (foot processes wrap around capillaries); React to tissue damage
113
Action of teres minor
laterally rotates humerus (with infraspinatus)
114
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic exits the brainstem at which cranial nerves?
III
VII
IX
X
115
Action of supraspinatus
abducts the humerus
116
What do hair follicle receptors sense?
movement of hair
117
Are spinal nerves part of the central or peripheral NS?
PERIPHERAL
118
Which cranial nerves have both sensory and motor functions?
V
VII
IX
X
119
Where is the lateral horn found and what is it a central component of?
thoracic and upper lumbar regions; sympathetic NS
120
Action of medial pterygoid
elevates mandible; moves mandible side to side (excursion)
121
What does the lumbar plexus innervate?
anterior and medial thigh
122
Shoulder adductors/flexors
coracobrachialis; pectoralis major
123
Frontal lobe functions
decision making; personality; verbal communication (Broca's area); voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles
124
Cranial Nerve IV
trochlear; controls eye movements through innervating the superior oblique muscle
125
Action of orbicularis oris
closes lips as in kissing
126
What is a fixator?
a muscle stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover's origin
127
Action of sartorius
flexes the knee and flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip
128
Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) audition?
VIII
129
Action of mentalis
elevates and wrinkles skin of chin; protrudes lower lip
130
What do ceruminous glands do?
Produce earwax (cerumen)
131
Main function(s) of bipolar neurons
special senses (olfactory epithelium, retina, inner ear)
132
Cranial Nerve II
optic; sense of vision
133
Nerves contain...
axons in PNS (also have connective tissue, blood vessels; covered by epineurium)
