Lecture Exam 2 Memorization Flashcards
Cranial Nerve I
olfactory; sense of smell
Action of occipitalis
moves scalp posteriorly
Action of infraspinatus
laterally rotates humerus (with teres minor)
Parietal lobe functions
sensory interpretation of textures and shapes; understanding speech (Wernicke’s area)
Action of lateral pterygoid
depresses mandible; moves mandible side to side (excursion)
PNS analog of astrocytes
satellite cells
Cranial Nerve VII
facial; controls muscles involved in facial expression; also responsible for the sense of taste in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue; also responsible for the production of saliva and tears
Insula lobe functions
taste
Cranial Nerve V
trigeminal; cutaneous senses of the face, teeth, and tongue; controls the muscles of mastication
Where are fungiform papillae found?
anterior 2/3 of tongue
Major functions of microglial cells
Clean up debris; Fight infection; Least abundant in CNS
Which spinal nerves make up the lumbar plexus? The sacral plexus?
Lumbar: L1-L4
Sacral: L4-S4
Functions of thalamus
relay sensory and motor information (required synapse for all but olfactory); some processing
Cranial Nerve VIII
vestibulocochlear; senses of hearing and balance
Where is conus medullaris found?
L1 or L2 level
Main function(s) of multipolar neurons
almost all neurons in the CNS and PNS (mostly efferent information)
Hip abductors
gluteus medius; gluteus minimus
Cranial Nerve XI
accessory; controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles to move head, neck, and shoulders
order of lacrimal system flow
lacrimal glands > canaliculi > nasolacrimal sac > nasolacrimal canal > nasal cavity
Most abundant neuron type in body
multipolar
Where are circumvallate papillae found?
back of tongue
Where are filiform papillae found?
anterior 2/3 of tongue
What early brain structure ends up forming the eye cups?
diencephalon (from prosencephalon)
Action of orbicularis oculi
squints eyes
What do muscles spindles sense?
muscle stretch
What do nociceptors sense?
temperature, pain
Action of depressor anguli oris
pulls corners of mouth in a frown
Action of deltoid
major abductor of shoulder; also facilitates flexion and extension
Perineurium covers…
nerve fascicles
Which spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
What is the endomysium made of?
connective tissue layer of collagen and reticular fibers
What are the basal nuclei and what are their functions?
group of nuclei deep in cerebrum (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus); responsible for starting, stopping, and monitoring movement
Action of gracilis
adduct hip; flex knee
Action of nasalis
elevates corners of nostrils
Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) gustation?
VII and IX
What do Merkel cells (tacile disks) sense?
light touch and pressure
What do tarsal glands do?
special kind of sebaceous gland found within the eyelids at the base of the eyelids; produce oily secretion to keep tears in the eye and help prevent evaporation
Main function(s) of unipolar neurons
exclusively sensory neurons
What does deep fascia do?
wraps muscle groups
Action of levator labii superioris
elevates corner of mouth
Which spinal nerves make up the cervical plexus?
C1-C4
Endoneurium covers…
axons
Where are foliate papillae found?
lateral tongue
What is the submucosal plexus responsible for?
innervates secretory glands in gut; helps in producing secretions
Action of posterior thigh muscles
flex the knee and extend the hip
What is the common insertion of the knee extensors?
tibial tuberosity
Cranial Nerve VI
abducens; controls eye movements by innervating the lateral rectus muscle
Components of PNS
nerves; ganglia (everything outside of CNS)
Action of the mucles in the medial compartment of the thigh
adduct the hip
Brainstem functions
ascending sensory tracks and descending motor tracks; various nuclei that regulate body functions HR/BP/Respiration); coughing sneezing, vomiting; reticular activating system helps to regulate sleep/wake cycles and alertness/arousal states
What is the largest pure endocrine gland?
thyroid gland
Major functions of ependymal cells
Line brain ventricles; Make CSF
Where does the patellar ligament attach?
tibial tuberosity
Functions of hypothalamus
B - behavior E - emotion E - endocrine T - temperature S - sleep/wake H - hunger/thirst A - autonomic M - memory
How many pairs of each type of spinal nerve?
C: 8 T: 12 L: 5 S: 5 Co: 1
Action of temporalis
elevates and retracts mandible
What is an example of an organ that is not dually innervated?
Some blood vessels; constriction by sympathetic, no innervated by parasympathetic; effects achieved by toning sympathetic NS up and down
Sweat glands are another example; only receive sympathetic input
Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) equilibrium?
VIII
Action of anterior thigh muscles
flex the hip and extend the knee
Functions of hippocampus
long-term memory formation; emotional responses
Action of masseter
elevates and protracts mandible
Rotator cuff muscles
infraspinatus; supraspinatus; teres minor; subscapularis
What is a dermatome?
segment of skin innervated by a pair of spinal nerves
Cranial Nerve III
oculomotor; eye movements - controls four of the extraocular muscles: superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique; also lifts upper eyelid and constricts pupil
Action of buccinator
compresses cheek as in sucking
What does the sacral plexus innervate?
all lower limb except the anterior/medial thigh
Action of zygomaticus
elevates lateral part of mouth
PNS analog of oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Action of subscapularis
medially rotates humerus
Cranial Nerve X
vagus; controls muscles for swallowing; leaves head and neck area into thoracic and abdominal cavities to control respiratory tract, heart, and digestive organs, transmits visceral sensations from these organs to brainstem
Components of neural tunic
retina (photoreceptors)
Gray matter of spinal cord contains…
cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons of PNS
Temporal lobe functions
auditory; olfactory; memory
Shoulder abductor
deltoid
What is the epimysium composed of?
dense irregular connective tissue
What is the myenteric plexus responsible for?
innervates smooth muscle of gut
What do Pacinian corpuscles sense?
deep touch or pressure
What releases calcitonin?
thyroid gland
What do golgi tendon organs sense?
tendon stretch
Functions of limbic system
emotion, memory, motivation
made up of fornix, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus
Action of teres major
extends shoulder and assists in adduction and medial rotation
Occipital lobe functions
vision
The incus is attached to the ___________ medially and the ____________ laterally.
A. malleus; stapes
stapes; malleus
Functions of medulla
cardiac center; vasomotor center; respiratory center; reflexes (coughing, sneezing, gagging, vomiting, etc.)
What is the common origin of the knee flexors?
ischial tuberosity
Hip extensors
gluteus maximus; semitendinosus; semimembranosus; biceps femoris
Hip flexors
iliopsoas; psoas major; iliacus; rectus femoris
What do Meissner corpuscles sense?
light touch and pressure
Cranial Nerve XII
hypoglossals; controls muscles of the tongue
Cranial Nerve IX
glossopharyngeal; controls muscles of the oral cavity and upper throat that allow swallowing; also responsible for the sense of taste in the posterior 1/3 of tongue; also responsible for the production of saliva
Elbow flexors
biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis
Components of CNS
brain; spinal cord
Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) olfaction?
I
Epinuerium covers…
Outer surface of nerve
Hip adductors
pectineus; adductor longus/brevis/magnus; gracilis
What tendon is common to all four of the quadriceps femoris muscles?
quadriceps (patellar) tendon
Action of levator anguli oris
elevates corner of mouth
Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) vision?
II
What do Ruffini corpuscles sense?
skin stretch
Postcentral gyrus functions
primary somatosensory cortex
Precentral gyrus functions
primary motor cortex (controls movements); Broca’s area for speech/language production
Elbow extensors
triceps brachii, anconeus
Components of fibrous tunic
sclera, cornea
Action of depressor labii inferioris
pulls lower lip downward
What replaces skeletal muscle in muscular dystrophy?
adipose and fibrous connective tissue
Functions of amygdala
long-term memory formation; emotional responses
Action of frontalis
raises eyebrows
Components of vascular tunic
choroid, ciliary body, suspensory ligaments, iris
What is the action of corrugator supercilii?
moves the eyebrows medially
Shoulder adductors/extensors
latissimus dorsi; teres major
Ganglia contain…
neuron cell bodies/dendrites of sensory neurons in PNS
Major functions of astrocytes
Control environment around neurons (ions and NT); Help to produce the BBB (foot processes wrap around capillaries); React to tissue damage
Action of teres minor
laterally rotates humerus (with infraspinatus)
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic exits the brainstem at which cranial nerves?
III
VII
IX
X
Action of supraspinatus
abducts the humerus
What do hair follicle receptors sense?
movement of hair
Are spinal nerves part of the central or peripheral NS?
PERIPHERAL
Which cranial nerves have both sensory and motor functions?
V
VII
IX
X
Where is the lateral horn found and what is it a central component of?
thoracic and upper lumbar regions; sympathetic NS
Action of medial pterygoid
elevates mandible; moves mandible side to side (excursion)
What does the lumbar plexus innervate?
anterior and medial thigh
Shoulder adductors/flexors
coracobrachialis; pectoralis major
Frontal lobe functions
decision making; personality; verbal communication (Broca’s area); voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles
Cranial Nerve IV
trochlear; controls eye movements through innervating the superior oblique muscle
Action of orbicularis oris
closes lips as in kissing
What is a fixator?
a muscle stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover’s origin
Action of sartorius
flexes the knee and flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip
Which cranial nerve(s) control(s) audition?
VIII
Action of mentalis
elevates and wrinkles skin of chin; protrudes lower lip
What do ceruminous glands do?
Produce earwax (cerumen)
Main function(s) of bipolar neurons
special senses (olfactory epithelium, retina, inner ear)
Cranial Nerve II
optic; sense of vision
Nerves contain…
axons in PNS (also have connective tissue, blood vessels; covered by epineurium)
