Lecture exam 2 (Anaerobic glycolysis) Flashcards

1
Q

What is anaerobic glycolysis

A

breakdown of sugar (glucose) with out oxygen in environment (oxygen can be present0

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2
Q

where does glucose come from for anaerobic glycolysis

A

blood circulation and glycogen stored in the muscle

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3
Q

anaerobic glycolysis is the primary energy form in activities that last this long

A

20-30 sec to 2-3 min

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4
Q

intermediate =

A

reactant or product in a metabolic pathway

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5
Q

first and last intermediate of anaerobic glycolysis in an anaerobic environment

A

glucose

lactate

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6
Q

glucose in the blood comes from here

A

glycogen stores in the liver

foods we eat

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7
Q

ATP produced in anaerobic glycolysis is used for this

A

crossbridge recharging

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8
Q

step 1: How does glucose get into the cell

A

glucose enters cell facilitated by the pancreatic hormone insulin

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9
Q

step 1:When glucose enters the cell this immediately happens, and results in

A

glucose is phosphorylated by HK (hexokinase)

glucose-6-phosphate

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10
Q

step 1: What are two important points of this step when glucose come from outside the cell

A

costs 1 ATP to initially phosphorylate glucose

once phosphorylated the 6 carbons are restricted to the cell

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11
Q

step 1: Glucose can come from glycogen in the cell that has been acted on by this enzyme

A

phosphorylase

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12
Q

step 1: what are two important points of this step when glucose come from inside the cell

A

does not require atp when substrate is glucose

once phosphorylated the 6 carbons are restricted to the cell

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13
Q

step 1: final intermediate

A

glucose-6-phosphate

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14
Q

step 2: what happens (isomerase)

A

glucose-6-phosphate is acted on by an isomerase to produce fructose-6-phosphate

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15
Q

step 3: what happens (PFK)

A

fructose-6-phosphate is acted on by PFK (phosphofructokinase) to produce fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP

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16
Q

Step 3: Two important aspects of this step

A

This step uses 1 ATP

PFK is the rate limiting step of glycolysis (lowest urnover rate in the pathway)

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17
Q

NAD is a derivative of this vitamin

A

B3

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18
Q

step 4: what happens (Aldolase)

A

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is acted on by the enzyme aldolase to produce 2, 3 carbon compounds

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19
Q

step 4: what are the 2, 3 carbon compound intermediates of this step

A

DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate)

G-3-P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

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20
Q

step 4: this is acted on by this to produce a second molecule of this

A

DHAP is converted by an isomerase to produce a second molecule of G-3-P

21
Q

Step 5: what happens (G3PDH)

A

G-3-P is acted on by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to produce 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and NADH+H+

22
Q

step 5: this type of reaction occurs at this step

A

oxidation-reduction reaction

23
Q

oxidation-reduction is this type of reaction

A

coupled reaction

24
Q

When something is reduced you do this

25
When something is oxidized you do this
remove H+
26
step 5: G-3-P is oxidized or reduced in this reaction
gives up 2 hydrogen and is thus oxidized
27
step 5: NAD is oxidized or reduced in this reaction
gains hydrogen and is reduced to NADH+H+
28
Easy way to remember names of enzymes in redox reactions
name of the reactant + dehydrogenase
29
step 6: what happens (PGK)
1-3, bisphosphoglycerate acted on by PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase) to produce 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP (from ADP)
30
gross
gained
31
net
gained - used
32
step 7: what happens (mutase)
3-phosphoglycerate acted on by a mutase to produce 2-phosphoglycerate
33
step 8: what happens (enolase)
2-phosphoglycerate acted on by enolase to produce phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
34
Step 9: what happens (PK)
PEP acted on by PK (pyruvate kinase) to produce pyruvate and ATP from ADP
35
Net ATP from 1 glucose (blood) makes this much ATP
2
36
Gross ATP from 1 glucose (blood) makes
4
37
Step 10a: what happens (LDH)
anaerobic cellular environment, pyruvate is reduced to form lactate by the enzyme LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)
38
Step 10a: what happens to NADH+H+ (LDH)
NADH+H+ is oxidized to NAD
39
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell
sarcoplasma
40
Step 10b: what happens (AT)
pyruvate is converted to alanine by alanine transaminase
41
Step 10b: why does the cell form alanine
alanine can leave the cell and is deaminated in the liver. It can now reform glucose in the liver and re-enter circulation
42
Glucose-alanine-glucose cycle
glucose can be used in cell, converted to alanine, which can then be converted back to glucose
43
What is the draw back of the glucose-alanine-glucose cycle
pyruvate converted to alanine cannot be converted to lactate which inhibits ATP production
44
How much lactate or alanine is produced is dependent on this
law of mass action
45
T/F: exercise has no effect on alanine transaminase concentration
F, exercise increases
46
Step 10c: pyruvate can be converted to acetyl-CoA with this enzyme
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
47
Step 10c: When pyruvate is acted on by PDH to make acetyl-CoA these two things are formed
NAD is reduced two NADH+H+ | CO2 is released
48
Step 10d: pyruvate can be converted to oxaloacetate by this enzyme
Pyruvate carboxylase
49
Step 10d: when pyruvate is acted on by PC to form oxaloacetate these two things occur
ADP from ATP | CO2 is picked up