Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Comparative Anatomy > Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the function of ribs in amniotes

A

Supporting trunk muscles and lung ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Does “Agnatha”/ Jawless Fish have ribs

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do ribs articulate with

A

The transverse process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is different about the ribs of “Chondrichthyes”

A

1 set of ribs that start at the vertebrae and end at horizontal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of ribs in “Chondrichthyes”

A

Support hypaxial and epaxial muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many sets of ribs in Bony Fishes (Actinopterygii)

A

2 sets, one is dorsal one is ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the ribs like in Bony Fishes(Actinopterygii)

A

Attached to myospeta of ventral body wall and support hypaxial muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the ribs like in Seahorses

A

No ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the ribs in tetrapods

A

Are bicipital or having two heads which are the tuberculum (transverse process) and the capitulum (centrum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the ribs like in amphibians

A

Ribs are short and fused to transverse process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the parts of amniote ribs

A

Two parts, costal (next to vertebrae) and sternal (ventral & attach to sternum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What property can sternal ribs have in some amniotes

A

May be cartilagenous (costal cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the ribs in birds

A

bony sternal ribs, costal ribs most with uncinate process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Description and function of uncinate process

A

backward projection of bone and braces trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the sterna in tetrapods

A

Made of endochondral bone and are poorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of sterna in tetrapods

A

Support pectoral girlde & ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the sterna like in amphibia

A

Poorly developed for most but better developed in frogs + toads for shock absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe sterna in amniotes

A

Well developed, use forelimbs in locomotion, absent in snakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe sterna in birds

A

keeled sternum, deep projection for flight muscle attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What parts make up the cranial skeleton

A

neurocranium (braincase) and dermatocranium (dorsal root made from dermal bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What parts make up the visceral skeleton (splanchnocranium)

A

Jaws and branchial arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the origin of the cranial and visceral craium

A

Originate as cartilage and replaced by endochondral bone (some exceptions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the parts of the neurocranium in adult cyclostomes

A

Basal plate, sensory capsules, lacks root, remains as cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the parts of the cartilagenous neurocranium in adult chondrichthyes

A

Chondrocranium and occiptal condyles which attach skull to vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the ossificatiomn centers in all bony vertebrates

A
  1. Occipital
  2. Sphenoid
  3. Ethmoid
  4. Otic (no dorsal replacement bone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the properties of the occipital ossification center

A

Made up from bones around foramen magnum
In mammals fuses into occipital bone
Basioccipital separate in some species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Properties of sphenoid ossification center?

A

Located under midbrain, pre- & basisphenoid, fuses together into single sphenoid bone in some mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Properties of ethmoid ossification center?

A

Cartilagenous in tetrapods, used for olfaction and conserving heat & water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Properties of otic ossification center?

A

Several bones, lots of fusion into petrosal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are roofing bones in dermatocranium?

A

Many paired bones in frontal(mid dorsal area), around orbit (jugal, and temporal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the upper jaw bones in dermatocranium?

A

Tooth bearing maxilla and premaxilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the primary palate bones in dermatocranium?

A

single parasphenoid and several paired bones (ex. palatine), covered by secondary palate in later tetrapods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the opercular bones in dermatocranium?

A

1.Used to cover, protect, and ventilate gills
2. Made up from opercular & pre-,sub,and inter- operculars
3. Absent in tetrapods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the neuro-dermatocranium complex in bony fishes

A
  1. Laterally compressed to streamline water movement
  2. Fully ossified neurocranium except in olfactory capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the neuro-dermatocranium complex in amphibs

A
  1. Dorso-ventrally flattened
  2. some cartilage
  3. Dematocranium
    –> otic capsule exposed, large temporal fenestrae, and bones of orbit & temp. region lost
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why is the neuro-dermatocranium complex modified in frogs and toads

A

can retract eyes into oral cavity for food processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe the neuro-dermatocranium in amniotes

A
  1. ossified with major development in temporal fenestrae and secondary palate in some
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe the neuro-dermatocranium in turtles

A

Loss of dermal bone at posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Function of emrginated posterior in turtles

A
  1. increase surface area for jaw muscles
  2. space for bigger jaw muscles
  3. Allows for reorientation of ja muscles to improve jaw range of motion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe the properties of a synapsid skull

A
  1. one fensetral lateral temporal opening
  2. creates lower border = zygomatic arch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Describe the properties of a diapsid skull

A
  1. Infratemporal & supratemporal fenestrae
  2. Creates the lower arch (zygomatic) and upper arch (supratemporal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Describe the temporal fenestrae in squamates and birds

A
  1. 1 or 2 arches lost secondarily for increase flexibility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the cranial kinesis in squamates and birds

A
  1. Independent movement for one part of skull when compared to rest of skull
  2. increases feeding opprtunites allowing consumption of larger prey
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Describe snake skulls & feeding

A
  1. Lower jaw spreads laterally
  2. two sides move independently
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Describe eating & breathing in relation to the skull in snakes

A

Trachea can move out to the mouth to breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Describe neuro-dermatocranium secondary palate in amniotes

A
  1. divides oral cavity into nasal and oral passages
  2. Groups that have complete secondary palates are crocodiles and mammals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the properties of the secondary palate

A
  1. Completely bone in crocs
  2. Caudal part is fleshy in mammals
  3. used for eating and breathing simultaneously
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Describe neuro-dermatocranium in mammals?

A
  1. incomplete in infants
  2. Creates fontanels (membranous spots between dermal bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the function of fontanels

A

allow skull to have enough flexibility to fit through birth canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Describe the visceral skeleton in cyclostomes

A

Made up of
1. Branchial basket (catilage)
2. lingual cartilage
3. labial cartilage (supports bucal funnel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Describe the properties of the shark splanchnocranium

A
  1. 7 arches (3-7 are support gills and branchial arches)
  2. Arches 1 and 2 modified for feeding
    –> 1 is mandibular arch (paltoquadrate and meckel cartilage) 2 is hyoid arch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is holostylic jaw suspension

A

Palatoquadrate fimly attached to neurocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is amphyistylic jaw suspension

A
  1. joint for the palotoquadrate, meckels cartilage, and hyomadibula.
  2. palatoq. and hyom. braced against neurocranium with little mobility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is hyostylic aw suspension

A
  1. joint for the palotoquadrate, meckels cartilage, and hyomadibula.
  2. Only hyom. braced against cranium
  3. Has increased upper aw mobility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Describe the properties of bony fish jaws

A
  1. Ensheathed by dermal bones.
  2. posterior ends replaced by endochondral bones
  3. Jaw joint for the palotoquadrate, meckels cartilage, and hyomadibula
56
Q

Describe the properties of Hyoid & branchial arches in bony fish

A

Ossify with endochondral bone and hyoid has a few additional elements

57
Q

Describe how upper jaw protrusion is beneficial in fish as well as its properties

A
  1. Leverage from the mandible and maxilla pushes out the mobile premaxilla.
  2. Operculum spreads laterally
    –> increases volume of buccal cavity by creating suction
58
Q

Describe the properties of the lower jaw in tetrapods

A
  1. more dermal bones in early tetrapods
  2. cartilage remains only in crocs & turtles
  3. Same jaw joint without hyomandibula
59
Q

Describe the terapod hyomandibula

A
  1. Ossified to become columella
    –> middle ear bone or stapes
60
Q

What are the modifications to the mammal jaw

A
  1. Tetrapods –> articular-quadrate hinge
  2. Mammals –> dentary expands (helps with chewing)
  3. bones separate to increase hearing ability
61
Q

What do the post dentary bones become in the mammal jaw

A

Middle ear bones
1. hyomandibula –> stapes
2. quadrate –> incus
3. articular –> malleus

62
Q

Describe the properties of the hyoid & branchial arches

A
  1. highly modfied
  2. most support tongue or become larynx (voicebox) in mammals
  3. Alisphenoid comes form palatoq. cartilage
63
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton

A
  1. fins, limbs, & girdles
  2. lacking in snakes, caecilians, and cyclostomes
64
Q

What is the pectoral girdle

A
  1. paired elements
  2. fins articulate w/scapula across the glenoid surface
65
Q

What are the new dermal bones in the appendicular skeleton

A
  1. posttemporal, cleithrum bones, clavicles
  2. Posttemporal articulates with skull
  3. clavicles braced together
66
Q

What are changes to the appendicular in derived fishes

A
  1. lose clavicle (cleithrum is the main brace)
  2. gain scapulocoracoid
67
Q

What is the bone composition like in the pectoral girdle?

A
  1. fish –> endochondral + dermal bone
  2. tetrapods –> mainly endochondral
68
Q

Describe the properties of the pectoral girdletetrapods

A
  1. lose posttemporal and skull connection
  2. gain interclavicle (remains only in birds and crocs)
69
Q

Describe the properties of the pectoral girdle in primitive tetrapods

A
  1. clavicle and/or coracoid –> sternum
  2. no direct dorsal bracing
70
Q

Describe the properties of the pectoral girdle in amphibs

A
  1. gain suprascapular bone
  2. gain clavicle (lacking in some)
71
Q

Describe the properties of the pectoral girdlein sauropsids

A
  1. most lost clavicles and have coracoid as main brace (excludes birds)
  2. In birds clavicles fuse into furculum (wish bone) to provide surface area for flight muscle attachment
72
Q

Describe the properties of the pectoral girdle in primitive mammals

A

monotremes retain basic tetrapod design

73
Q

Describe the properties of the pectoral girdle in placental mammals

A
  1. coracoid lost in most
  2. scapula well developed
  3. clavicle rarely reduced
    –> reduced in some carnivores for higher flexibility and stride length
74
Q

Describe the properties of the pelvic girdle in fishes

A
  1. cartilage or endochondral bone
  2. pair of ischiopubic plates
  3. not connected to vertebrae
75
Q

Describe the properties of the pelvic girdle in tetrapods

A
  1. plates ossify into ilium, ischium, and pubis
  2. meet at ventral symphisis (joint of immovable cartilage)
  3. pelvic cavity allows urogential and digestive systems to pass through
76
Q

List the variations in the properties of the pelvic gridle in salamanders

A

weak with broad pubic plate

77
Q

List the variations in the properties of the pelvic gridle in frogs and toads

A

more devloped for jumping and have urostyle

78
Q

List the variations in the properties of the pelvic gridle in reptiles

A

more robust have triradiate design (pubis and ischium move apart)

79
Q

List the variations in the properties of the pelvic gridle in birds

A

pubis and ischium parallel and caudally oriented and fuse with vertebrae to make synsacrum

80
Q

Describe the properties of the pelvic girdle in birds

A

pubic bones apart ventrally and do not meet to lay large eggs

81
Q

Describe the properties of the pelvic girdle in mammals

A
  1. most robust due to higher weight
  2. bones fuse into os coxa
    –> primitive mammals retain epipubic bone
  3. ox - coxae fuses to sacrum to increase strength
82
Q

What modifications are made to the female pelvis in mammals

A
  1. wider vertebral canal
  2. wider hips overall
  3. pubic symphysis expands for birth due to the hormone relaxin
83
Q

What are the functions of each fin type

A
  1. paired = steering and braking
  2. median = maintain upright position and prevent rolling
  3. caudal = thrust
84
Q

Describe the basic structure of fins

A
  1. skin stiffened by rays
  2. bony dermal scales
  3. long keratin based rays
85
Q

Describe the skeleton of the fin

A
  1. cartilage and bone elements
  2. row basalia
  3. row radalia
    –> except caudal fins
86
Q

Describe the paired fin types in chondrichthyes

A
  1. fin folds
  2. broad with 2-3 basals
87
Q

Describe the paired fin types in actinopterygii

A
  1. skeleton reduced for increased flexibility
88
Q

Describe the paired fin types in sarcopterygii

A
  1. proximal muscular lobe
  2. central axis
    –>basal
  3. 2 series of radials
89
Q

Describe the properties of the heterocercal caudal fin

A
  1. strongly assymetrical
  2. ventral lobe generates upward thrust
  3. used in sharks due to no swim bladder to maintain buoyancy
90
Q

Describe the properties in diphycercal caudal fins

A

1.notocord and vertebrae short
2. found in sarcpoterygia

91
Q

Describe the properties of the homocercal fin

A
  1. notocord long and dorsal
  2. found in actinopterygii
92
Q

Describe the evolution of tetrapod limbs

A
  1. humerus originates from basal
  2. radius originates from pre-axial radials
  3. ulna originates from post-axial radials
  4. other radials form digits
93
Q

What are the terms used to describe tetrapod limb structure

A
  1. propodium = upper arm/thigh
  2. epipodim = forearm/shank
  3. autopodium = wrist or ankle to digits
94
Q

What are the properties of the manus in reptiles and mammals

A
  1. 5 digits for most
  2. reduced carpals
  3. reduced digits for specialized locomotion in snakes
  4. reduced to 3 digits for birds for flight
95
Q

What are the properties of the pes

A
  1. similar to manus
  2. tarsal, metatarsals, and phlanges
  3. lizards and birds have 4 digits
  4. 5 digits in most
96
Q

Pes variation in reptiles in birds

A
  1. reduced tarsal
  2. intratarsal joint
  3. flexibility for bipedal locomotion
97
Q

What are the properties of the pes & manus in mammals in relation to contact to substrate

A
  1. plantigrade: wrist/ankle and digits touching subtrate
  2. Digitigrade: digits touching substrate only
  3. Ungulagrade: only digit tips touching
98
Q

What are ungulate modifications to the manus/pes

A
  1. reduced digits to increase strength or reduced mass
  2. elongate metacarpals and meta tarsals to increase stride length
99
Q

What are the two general categories of muscles

A
  1. somatic = striated and voluntary
  2. visceral = smooth or cardiac both involuntary
100
Q

What are the main parts of a muscle

A
  1. attachment = part that moves during contraction
  2. origin = part that remains stationary
  3. belly = body of muscle
101
Q

Describe the properties of axial muscle in fishes

A
  1. strong segmentation
  2. locomotion thru lateral undulation of caudal fin
102
Q

Describe the properties of axial muscle in aquatic salamanders

A
  1. retain strong segmentation and use tail/caudal fin for locomotion
103
Q

Describe the properties of axial muscle in amniotes

A
  1. lost most segmentation
  2. increase in dorso-ventral flexibility
104
Q

Describe the function of epaxial muscle in tetrapods

A

straightening the vert. column & lateral flexion

105
Q

Describe the function of intervertebrals muscle in tetrapods

A
  1. deep & retain segmentation
  2. connect vertebrae between processes
  3. main posture
106
Q

Describe the function of longissimus muscle in tetrapods

A
  1. lateral to transverse processes
  2. dominant extensor in mammals
  3. assist in head movement
107
Q

Describe the function of spinales muscle in tetrapods

A
  1. medial to transverse processes
  2. assit in head movement
  3. combine w/ intervertebrals to stabilize vert. column
108
Q

Describe the function of iliocostales muscle in tetrapods

A
  1. lateral to longissimus
  2. allow lateral undulation
109
Q

Describe the function of subvertebral muscle in tetrapods

A
  1. flex vertebral column especially neck and lumbar
110
Q

Describe the function of oblique and transverse muscle in tetrapods

A
  1. lung ventilation
  2. muscular sling for viscera
  3. muscles reduced in turtles
  4. used for pooping/childbirth
111
Q

Describe the function of rectus abdominis muscle in tetrapods

A
  1. flexes trunk
  2. sling for viscera
112
Q

Describe the function of hypobranchials muscle in fish

A
  1. movement of the jaw muscles and gill arches
113
Q

Describe the function of hypobranchials muscle in amphibs

A
  1. has the same functions as fish
  2. extra muscles to operate tongue
114
Q

Describe the function of hypaxial muscle in amniotes

A
  1. swallowing and moving tongue
  2. internal tongue muscle lingualis used for communication in mammals
115
Q

What are extrinsic muscles

A
  1. arise from axial skeleton
  2. insert on girdle or limb
116
Q

What are intrinsic muscles

A
  1. arise on girdle or limb
  2. insert distally on limb
117
Q

What are dorsals muscle groups

A
  1. most from fish extensors
  2. abduct and extend limb
118
Q

What are ventrals muscles groups

A
  1. most form fish flexors
  2. adduct limbs & distal parts (move limbs backwards)
119
Q

What is the function of the lattisimus dorsi

A

retracts forelimb (largest in mammals)

120
Q

What is the function of the trapezius

A
  1. originates from cucullaris
  2. adducts and retracts shoulder
121
Q

What are the functions of levators, rhomboideus, and serratus ventralis

A

support and/or adduct scapula

122
Q

What are the functions of the pectoralis and supracarocoideus

A

1.adducts forelimb
2. used for flight in birds

123
Q

What are the functions of the deltoids, scapulohumeralis, and subscapularis

A

rotate or adduct humerus

124
Q

What are the functions of the teres major and minor

A

retract and rotate humerus

125
Q

What are the functions of the coracobrachialis

A

adduct forelimb

126
Q

What are the functions of the caudofemoralis muscle

A
  1. retracts hindlimb
  2. reduced in most mammals
127
Q

What are the functions of the spinatus muscle

A

protact and rotate humerus

128
Q

What are the functions of the Illiacus and psoas major

A

protract and rotate femur

129
Q

What are the functions of the gluteus, pyriformis, gemelli

A

abduct thigh and rotate femur

130
Q

What are the functions of the quadriceps muscles

A

extend shank & adduct thigh

131
Q

What are the functions of the hamstrings

A

flex shank

132
Q

What are the functions of the gracilis

A

adducts and retracts hindlimb

133
Q

What are the functions of the levator palatoquadrate and spiracularis

A

raises upper jaw

134
Q

What are the functions of the adductor mandibulae

A

closes lower jaw

135
Q

What are the functions of the intermadibularis

A

elevates pharynx

136
Q
A

Comparative Anatomy (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions