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Anatomy 32 > Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What system is this?

Components: skin + accessory structures (e.g., hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands and oil glands, and the subcutaneous layer.)

Functions: Protects the internal and external body surfaces; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps produce vitamin D; detects sensations (e.g., touch, pain, temperature); stores fat; provides insulation.

A

Integumentary System

Deals with the skin and its accessory structures.

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2
Q

What system is this?

Components: Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.

Function: Supports and protects the body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).

A

Skeletal System

Deals with the body’s bones, joints, and cartilages.

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3
Q

What system is this?

Components: Specifically refers to skeletal muscle tissue, which is muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac, which are NOT skeletal muscle tissue).

Function: Participates in bringing about body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat.

A

Muscular System

Deals with the body’s skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue.

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4
Q

What system is this?

Components: Blood, heart, and blood vessels.

Function: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells; carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells; helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against dx and repair damaged blood vessels.

A

Cardiovascular System

Deals with the blood, heart, and blood vessels.

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5
Q

What system is this?

Components: Lymphatic fluid (lymph), lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow, appendix, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B-cells, T-cells, and others).

Function: Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointenstinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B-cells and T-cells that protect against disease-causing microbes (antigens).

Lymph is a fluid that carries most fats following absorption by the small intestine.

A

Lymphatic and Immune System

Deals with the lymphatic structures and immune cells.

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6
Q

What system is this?

Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs (e.g., the eyes and ears).

Function: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions in glandular secretions.

A

Nervous System

Deals with the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs.

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7
Q

What system is this?

What two systems joined together form the Circulatory System?

A

The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System.

Both systems circulate fluids in the body.

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8
Q

What system is this?

What two systems joined together form the Musculoskeletal System?

A

The Skeletal and Muscular System.

Both systems provide structual support and movement in the body.

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9
Q

What system is this?

Components: Hormone-producing glands (e.g., pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes) and other hormone-producing cells in several other organs.

Function: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ.

A

Endocrine System

Deals with hormone-producing glands.

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10
Q

What system is this?

Components: Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), nose (nasal cavity), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes within the lungs.

Function: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produce sounds.

A

Respiratory System

Deals with the lungs and air passageways.

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11
Q

What system is this?

Components: Organs of gastrointenstinal (GI) tract — a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as the salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver.

Function: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of foods; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.

A

Digestive System

Deals with the GI tract and accessory digestive organs.

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12
Q

What system is this?

Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Function: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulation production of RBCs.

A

Urinary System

Deals with the urinary bladder and other waste-eliminating organs.

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13
Q

What system is this?

Components: Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (such as the uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus and vagina in females and epididymides, seminal vesicles, prostate, ductus (vas) deferenses, and penis in males).

Function: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk.

A

Reproductive System

Deals with the gonads and associated organs.

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14
Q

The Eleven Systems of the Human Body

Consider which organs appear more than once. Which organs are they and what body systems are they involved in?

A
  • Thymus
    (Endocrine, Lymphatic)
  • Pancreas
    (Endocrine, Digestive)
  • Kidney
    (Endocrine, Urinary)
  • Testes & Ovaries
    (Endocrine, Reproductive)
  • Pharynx
    (Respiratory, Digestive)
  • Urethra
    (Urinary, Reproductive (Male ONLY))
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15
Q

Quadrants and Regions

Name the 9 Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions (from top left to bottom right).

A

(1) R. Hypochondriac Region
(2) Epigastric Region
(3) L. Hypochondriac Region
(4) R. Lumbar Region
(5) Umbilical region
(6) L. Lumbar Region
(7) R. Inguinal/Iliac Region
(8) Pubic/Hypogastric Region
(9) L. Inguinal/Iliac Region.

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16
Q

Quadrants and Regions

What organs are located on the RUQ?

A

Liver, Gallbladder, Stomach, Small & Large Intestines

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17
Q

Quadrants and Regions

What organs are located on the LUQ?

A

Liver, Stomach, Spleen, Small & Large Intestines

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18
Q

Quadrants and Regions

What organs are located on the RLQ?

A

Appendix, Bladder, Small & Large Intestines

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19
Q

Quadrants and Regions

What organs are located on the LLQ?

A

Bladder, Small & Large Intestines

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20
Q

Epithelial Tissue

What are the functional characteristics of Epithelial Tissue?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Secretion
  3. Absorption
  4. Diffusion
  5. Filtration
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21
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue:

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Fxn:
* Diffusion & Filtration
* Secretion in Serous Membranes

Location:
* Kidneys, Lungs
* Lining of Heart, Blood and Lymphatic Vessels
* Serosa (lining of ventral body cavity)

(Secretion of serous fluids in serous cavity.)

22
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue:

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Fxn:
* Secretion & Absorption

Location:
* Kidneys
* Secretory portion of glands
* Ovary surface

23
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue:

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Fxn:
* Secretion & Absorption

Location (Ciliated):
* Respiratory tract
* Fallopian tubes
* Uterus

Location (Nonciliated):
* Stomach & intestines
* Gallbladder
* Ducts of glands

24
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue:

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Fxn:
* Secretion & Absorption

Location (Ciliated):
* Respiratory tract

Location (Nonciliated):
* Ducts of male reproductive tract
* Ducts of glands

25
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue:

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Fxn:
* Protection against wear & tear

Location (Keratinized):
* Epidermis

Location (Non-keratinized):
* Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus
* Vagina, Urethra, Anus

26
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue:

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Fxn:
* Protection

Location:
* Ducts of: Salivary glands, Sweat glands, Mammary glands

27
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue:

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Fxn:
* Protection & Secretion

Location:
* Male Urethra
* Ducts of Glands

28
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue:

Transitional Epithelium

A

Fxn:
* Stretching to accommodate distension of urinary structures.

Location:
* Ureters
* Urinary bladder
* Urethra

29
Q

Classification of Connective Tissue:

Areolar CT

A

Fxn:
* Wraps/cushions organs
* Binds tissues together

Location:
* Dermis
* Subcutaneous layer (AKA hypodermis)
* Packing tissues

30
Q

Classification of Connective Tissue:

Adipose Tissue

A

Fxn:
* Storage
* Insulates against heat loss
* Cushions organs

Location:
* Subcutaneous layer (AKA hypodermis)
* Around organs
* Behind eyeballs
* Breasts

  • brown fat is more abundant in babies to keep babies warm.
  • white fat is more abundant in adults, used for storage.
31
Q

Classification of Connective Tissue:

Reticular CT

A

Fxn:
* Forms supportive framework in bone marrow, lymphoid organs, liver

Location:
* Red bone marrow
* Spleen, lymph nodes
* Liver

32
Q

Classification of Connective Tissue:

Dense REGULAR CT

A

Fxn:
* Provides strong attachment btwn various structures

Location:
* Tendons & ligaments

  • tendons = fibrous tissue used to connect muscle to bone.
  • ligaments = fibrous tissue used to connect bone to bone.
33
Q

Classification of Connective Tissue:

Dense IRREGULAR CT

A

Fxn:
* Provides pulling strength in multiple directions

Location:
* Dermis
* Submucosa (loose CT surrounding the mucosa)
* Fibrous capsules (of joints & organs)
* Fibrous pericardium (heart), perichondrium (cartilage), periosteum (bones)

  • chon- = cartilage
34
Q

Connective Tissue

What are the main classes of connective tissue? Provide examples.

A
  1. Fibrous connective tissue (ex: Areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue, dense regular CT, dense irregular CT).
  2. Supporting connective tissue (ex: Cartilage and bone tissue).
  3. Fluid connective tissue (ex: blood and lymph).
35
Q

Connective Tissue

What are the functional characteristics of Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Protection and insulation (of internal organs)
  2. Storage of energy reserves
  3. Provides cover for blood vessels and nerves
  4. Source of immune responses
36
Q

Connective Tissue

What sets cartilage apart from other connective tissues?

Think: Structual Characteristics.

A

It is not highly innervated or vascular. Cartilage has no nerve endings or blood vessels to stimulate sensation and blood flow.

37
Q

Tissue Change and Death (Cell Growth)

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in size of the cell (cell enlarges in size).

38
Q

Tissue Change and Death (Cell Growth)

Atrophy

A

An decrease in size of the cell (cell shrinks in size).

39
Q

Tissue Change and Death (Cell Production)

Hyperplasia

A

An increase in the quantity of cells; could be regulated/controlled.

40
Q

Tissue Change and Death (Cell Production)

Neoplasia

A

An increase in the quantity of cells; could not be regulated/controlled.

41
Q

Tissue Change and Death (Cell Death)

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death.
(ex: webbed hand = due to failure to undergo apoptosis; tissue remains in between the digits, forming webbed hand/feet.)

42
Q

Tissue Change and Death (Cell Death)

Necrosis

A

Cell death due to the loss of blood flow to the cells.

43
Q

Integumentary System

What are the functional characteristics of the Integumentary System?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Thermoregulation
  3. Cutaneous sensations
  4. Vitamin D synthesis
  5. Excretion (of urea, salts, and water)
44
Q

Integumentary System

What are the five epidermal layers?

A
  1. Stratum corneum (superficial)
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale (deep)

  • applies to thick (hairless) skin, like the palms or the soles of feet.
45
Q

Integumentary System

What epidermal layer is disregarded in thin (hairy) skin?

A

Stratum Lucidum

  • stratum corneum is thinner.
46
Q

Epidermis

Langerhans Cells

A

Found in S. Spinosum; involved w/ immune response (to protect against infiltration of pathogens).

47
Q

Epidermis

Melanocytes

A

Found in S. Basale; produces melanin (skin pigments).

48
Q

Epidermis

Merkel Cells

A

Found in the S. Basale; involved w/ sensation.

49
Q

Epidermis

Keratinocytes

A

Found in S. Spinosum -> S. Corneum; produces keratin that is constantly being produced to replace the old—protects the epidermis; dies when blood supply is limited (layers are more avascular toward the apical surface).

50
Q

Epidermis

Stem Cells

A

Found in S. Basale; gives rise to keratinocytes.

Anatomy 32 (2 decks)

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