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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chordate characteristics

A
  1. Pharyngeal wall with bilaterally symmetrical pharyngeal pouches and pharyngeal slits
  2. Mid-dorsal hollow nerve cord
  3. A single, mid-dorsal supportive rod, the notochord
  4. A muscular post-anal tail
  5. An endostyle (thyroid precursor?) or thyroid gland
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2
Q

Additional common characteristics of chordates

A

A segmented body (metamerism)
A coelom or true body cavity
Bilateral symmetry
Sense organs and nervous system concentrated in the head

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3
Q

The course of evolution, the evolutionary path that has occurred over time

A

Phylogeny

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4
Q

Branching chart showing evolutionary lines

A

Dendrograms

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5
Q

Ancestral characteristics (term)

A

Plesiomorphic characteristics

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6
Q

Derived characteristics (term)

A

Apomorphic characteristics

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7
Q

Separating evolution into groups based off a common ancestor

A

cladistics

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8
Q

unique derived characteristics

A

apomorphies

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9
Q

shared derived characteristics

A

Synapomorphies/Autoapomorphy

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10
Q

an ancestor and all of its’ descendants

A

Monophyletic

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11
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

Echinoderm
Hemichordates
Chordates

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12
Q

anus develops first, mouth develops second

A

Deuterostomes

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13
Q

A polyphyletic group that shares some or all of the chordate characteristics (related to echinoderms)

A

“Protochordates”

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14
Q

Solitary or colony marine animals that share some chordate characteristics - lack notochord and postanal tail

A

Hemichordates

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15
Q

A hemichordate that feeds by waving an arm around, similar to primitive echinoderms

A

pterobranchs

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16
Q

The clade that encompasses all chordates, united by five synapomorphies

A

Chordata

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17
Q

A clade composed mostly of sea squirts, which contain the chordate characteristics as larvae

A

Urochordata/Tunicata

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18
Q

Animals found on rocks/pilings in the marine habitat. They filter feed through pharyngeal slits, and their larvae is referred to as “tadpoles”. These animals show most chordate characteristics as larvae.

A

Sea squirts

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19
Q

Small, fish-like marine animals. Best known by “amphioxous,” which filter feed using cilia.

A

Cephalochordata

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20
Q

The iconic member of cephalochordata, a fish-like marine animal that suspension feeds using cilia to pull current into the mouth and out through the pharyngeal slits

A

“amphioxous”

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21
Q

Evidence that echinoderms, chordates and hemichordates branched off of a common ancestor:

A

Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes
Echinoderm and Hemichordate larva are similar
Primitive echinoderms resembled pterobranchs, both sessile and filter feeding via ciliated tentacles called lophophores
A type of hemichordate, the pterobranch, has a single pharyngeal slit
Hemichordates share some of the chordate characteristics

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22
Q

Craniata

A

Animals with a braincase

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23
Q

Agnatha

A

Jawless fishes, used a muscular pump to produce a water current that pulled in food

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24
Q

Haikouella

A

An extinct early fish-like chordate, member of the clade Agnatha - found in China

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25
Q

Myxiniformes

A 
Hagfish: 
		Jawless
		Eel-like
		Scaleless
		Single nostril
		Scavengers
		One semicircular duct
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26
Q

Vertebrata

A

The clade containing all vertebrates

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27
Q

Petromyzontiformes

A 
Lamprey:
		Jawless
		Eel-like
		Scaleless
		Single nostril
		Poor eyes
		No true jaws/girdles
		Predates on live fish
		Two semicircular canals
		Muscular pump creates a current for food
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28
Q

Conodonts

A

An extinct group of small jawless fishes - very cute

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29
Q

“ostracoderms”

A

“shell skin” - covered in thick armor
Paraphyletic group of extinct fishes
Small, no bony jaws, no true teeth, one or two nostrils
some had no girdles or appendages while others had homologous structures to pectoral fins
Probably filter feeders
Some pelagic, some benthic

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30
Q

“ostracoderms” contains:

A 
Heterostracans
	Anaspids
	Thelodonts
	Galeaspids
	Osteostracans
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31
Q

Gnathostomata

A

Jawed fishes

Contains Placodermi, Chondricthyes, Osteichthyes, and Acanthodii

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32
Q

Where did jaws come from?

A

The first two gill arches evolved to form jaws

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33
Q

Why are jaws useful?

A

More food types

Catching and manipulating food

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34
Q

Besides jaws, what else helped early fishes spread out into many niches?

A

The development of true paired fins (pelvic and pectoral girdles)

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35
Q

Placodermi

A

One of the first jawed fishes - could also be acanthodians or sharks
Freshwater, then marine fishes
Few inches - 20ft long
Known for heavy bony armor with a distinct hinge

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36
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilagenous fishes

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37
Q

Elasmobranchii

A 
Sharks, skates and rays
	Heterocercal cartilaginous skeletons
	Dermal denticles and placoid scales
	No swim bladders
	Claspers
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38
Q

Holocephali

A 
(all head)
	Chimaeras (or rat fishes)
	Cartilaginous deep water fishes
	External gill slit covered by fleshy operculum
	Males have clasper on head
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39
Q

Acanthodii

A

Extinct group of small fishes with prominent fin spines
Mostly freshwater
Some strained plankton, some predated

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40
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony fishes! Have a bony endoskeleton
Started in freshwater, spread out e v e r y w h e r e
Split into Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii

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41
Q

Actinopterygii

A

Ray-finned fish - bony rays support fin membranes

Two main evolutionary lines - Chondrostei and Neopterygii

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42
Q

Chondrostei

A

Sturgeon and paddlefish

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43
Q

Neopterygii

A

Gar and bowfin

Teleostei branched off from this group

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44
Q

Teleostei

A

A small group, encompassing THIRTY THOUSAND SPECIES and COMPOSING MOST OF ALL EXTANT FISH

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45
Q

Sarcopterygii

A

Lobe finned fish - fleshy paired fins (may have raylike bones but there is FLESH in the fins)
The fin bones are in a distinct pattern
Its fingers
Theyre in finger pattern
Also have external and internal nostrils and heavy scales
Group contains Actinistia and “rhipidistians”

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46
Q

Actinistia

A

Coelacanths (mostly extinct), including Latimeria (extant)
Thought to be extinct until Latmeria was found in DEEP water Madagascar and Malaysia
Formerly called crossopterygians

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47
Q

“rhipidistians”

A

Includes Dipnoi and Icthyostegids

An extinct sarcopterygian rhipidistian led to the first amphibian

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48
Q

Dipnoi

A

Lungfish

Found in Africa, S. America and Australia - all used to be together in ye olde Pangea

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49
Q

Amphibia (amphibians)

A

Wet bois - tied to water
Have: moist skin, no amnion/chorion, no true claws, thin cornified layer (keratin), one sacral vertebra, tympanum, are poikilothermic endotherms
Earliest amphibians called “labyrinthodont”

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50
Q

“labyrinthodont”

A

Early amphibians

Had dermal scales, fish like tails, and similar skulls and limb bones

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51
Q

How did the transition to land occur?

A

During droughts, rhipidistian fishes (like lungfish) used fins to hop from pond to pond
Lack of land predators and shit made it a cushy place to stay
So you got lil fishies chillin on the land a lot, going into the water for fucking and stuffs

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52
Q

What made living on land possible?

A

1) Lungs - allowed for respiration

2) Limbs, digits - locomotion

53
Q

Lissamphibia: Extant amphibians

A

Gymnophiona - Caecilians
Urodela - salamanders (newts are a family of salamanders)
Anura - frogs (toads are a common name for frogs of sever families)

54
Q

Reptilia

A

Includes amniota, which includes Reptiliomorpha

55
Q

Reptiliomorpha (reptiles)

A

Free of the water
Epidermal scales, dry skin with a thick cornified layer, no external mucous glands (i.e. not slimy), at least two sacral vertebrae, a single occipital condyle, true claws.
Lay amniote/cleidoic eggs

56
Q

Cleidoic egg

A

Embryo is nestled in embryonic membranes
Three membranes: amnion, chorion, and allantois
Prevents dessication, requires internal fertilization

57
Q

Members of Reptiliomorpha

A

Diapsida

Synapsida

58
Q

Diapsida

A

Animals with two fenestra in skull

59
Q

Synapsida

A

Animals with one fenestra in skull

Contains therapsida, which led to mammalia

60
Q

Testudines

A

Le turts

Diapsid fused up so turts look anapsid - a derived anapsid

61
Q

Icthyosaurs and Pleisiosaurs

A

Extinct aquatic reptiles

62
Q

Lepidosaura

A

Scaly reptiles

Contains Sphenodontidae and Squamata

63
Q

Sphenodontidae

A

Tuatara - ancestral lizard in New Zealand

64
Q

Squamata

A

Iguania - iguanas, chameleons, lizards, bearded dragons
Gekkota - geckos
Amphisbaenia - amphisbaenids
Serpentes - snakes

65
Q

Archosauromorpha

A

ruling reptiles

Consists of Crocodilians, Pterosauria, Ornithischia, Saurischia

66
Q

Ornithischia

A

Bird hipped dinosaurs

67
Q

Saurischia

A

Lizard hipped dinosaurs

Aves descended from this group

68
Q

Aves

A

Birds developed from a saurischian therapod
Archaeopteryx is considered one of the earliest bird forms
Includes “ratites” and Neornithes

69
Q

Archaeopteryx had:

A 
Three clawed fingers
	A dinosaur-like pelvic girdle
	A long tail with feathers
	Teeth
	A small bony sternum/breastbone
	Abdominal ribs
70
Q

“ratites”

A

Flightless group of birds
Includes ostrich, emu, rheas, cassowaries, and kiwis
Feather barbs do not interlock

71
Q

Neornithes

A 
Modern birds - all have:
	True flight
	Feathers
	Lightweight bones
	Air sacs
	Modified lung
	Left ovary, oviduct only
	High body temp, slightly regulated: homeothermic endotherm
	No urinary bladder
	No teeth
72
Q

Types of Neornithes

A

Pelecaniformes - fropic birds, pelicans, cormorants, frigate birds
Falconiformes - condors, hawks, eagles, falcons
Passeriformes - perching birds, such as songbirds

73
Q

Mammalia

A

Therapsid reptiles led to mammals
Now the most diverse terrestrial vertebrates
Homeothermic endotherms
Contain Monotremata and Theria

74
Q

Six traits of mammals

A 
Mammary glands
	Sweat glands
	Sebaceous glands
	Three ear bones
	Squamosal/dentary jaw joint
	Anucleate red blood cells
75
Q

Monotremata

A

Animals such as the duckbill platypus and the spiny anteater
Lay large, reptilian like eggs
Have poorly developed mammary glands, no nipple
More limited tooth replacement
Have a cloaca
Have abdominal testes
Have little ability to maintain temperature regulation (bad at being homeothermic endotherms)

76
Q

Theria

A

Bear live young - uteruses!
Have diagnostic molar teeth
Have well developed mammary glands
Two groups: Metatheria and Eutheria

77
Q

Metatheria

A 
Marsupials
	Mostly in Australia
	Short intrauterine development - young develops good forearms but stumpy legs in utero and climbs from uterus to pouch, then attaches to a nipple in the pouch
	No true placenta
	Well developed marsupium (a pouch)
78
Q

Eutheria

A

Placental mammals

Have a chorioallantoic placenta

79
Q

Chorioallantoic placenta

A

Formed from the chorion membrane and the allantois (sac to collect urine), and filled with amniotic fluid

80
Q

Four primary tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

81
Q

Tissues

A

Composed of basement membrane, cells, and extracellular nonliving material that binds cells together
Can be liquid, gel, semi-solid or solid

82
Q

Epithelial tissues

A 
Cover/line body surfaces and form glands
	May have motile cilia
	Little intercellular space
	No blood vessels
	Contains a basal lamina/basement membrane below the epithelium
83
Q

Basal lamina

A

Thin membrane below epithelium made of collagen, proteoglycans and water

84
Q

Proteoglycan

A

A protein core with linear, repeating polysaccharide side chains called glycosaminoglycans

85
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

Linear, repeating polysaccharide side chains that surround the protein core of proteoglycans

86
Q

The five types of epithelial tissues are:

A 
Simple squamous epithelium
	Stratified squamous epithelium
	Simple cuboidal epithelium
	Simple columnar epithelium
	Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
87
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer, thin flattened cells

Lines alveoli, blood/lymph vessels, lines your pleural (lung)/ peritoneal (gut)/ pericardial (heart) cavities

88
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Multiple layers of squamous cells
Deeper layers get thicker
Can be keratinized
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, and forms epidermis

89
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Single layer of cube-shaped cells that may have cilia

Ovaries, various gland ducts, kidney tubules

90
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of elongated cells that may have cilia (uterus, oviducts, paranasal sinuses)

91
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of cells, but looks more complex because some cells don’t reach the top
Often have cilia
Some gland ducts, respiratory passages, eustachian tubes

92
Q

Mucous membrane/mucosa

A

Moist bois - mucus
Open to exterior: digestive, urinary, respiratory, and reproductive tracts
Stratified squamous or simple columnar over lamina propria and possibly muscularis mucosae
Lubricate, absorptive, secretory

93
Q

Lamina propria

A

Connective tissue under mucous membrane/mucosa

94
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

Smooth muscle often found under mucosa

95
Q

Mucous membrane functions

A

Lubricate
Absorb
Secrete mucus, enzymes

96
Q

Serous membrane/serosa

A

Serous fluid
Loose connective tissue covered by simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
Visceral and parietal pleura (lung membrane), vp peritoneum, and vp pericardium, also forms gut mesentaries

97
Q

Mesothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium that secretes a serous fluid

98
Q

Connective tissue

A

Composed of extracellular matrix and cells
Fibroblasts and macrophages are most common cells
Permeated by blood vessels

99
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Ground substance

Fibers (collagen, reticulin, or elastin)

100
Q

Ground substance

A

Water and hydrophilic proteoglycans bound to hyaluronic acid

101
Q

Macrophages

A

Mobile cells that phagocytize foreign matter, dead/dying cells, and bacteria

102
Q

Types of connective tissue

A 
Loose (areolar connective tissue)
	Dense regular connective tissue
	Dense irregular connective tissue
	Elastic connective tissue
	Adipose
103
Q

Loose (areolar) connective tissues

A

Widespread, loose connective tissue.
Mostly macrophages and fibroblasts
Mostly collagen fibers with some elastic/reticular
Jelly-like ground substance
Binds skin to structures, fills in spaces, associated with adipose tissue

104
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Very little ground substance (liquid)
More collagen, less cells
Fibroblasts are the only cells, arranged in long parallel rows with collagen fibers (tightly packed)
Dense collagen renders tissue inextensible
Tendons, ligaments, deep fascia, aponeuroses
Shark and fish dermis - serves as a mechanical protector and as an exoskeleton, thicker in female (to protect from biting during fucking)
Forms helices around all fish

105
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Dense areolar connective tissue - more of the cellular components, thicker collagen and extensive elastic fibers
Sturdier than loose connective tissue
Collagen has certain alignment in humans (surgical cuts scar more in certain directions)

106
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

Thick, sturdy tissue with a lot of elastic fibers, with some collagen fibrils and a few fibroblasts
Strong but stretchy
Ligamentum nuchae of ruminants, arterial walls, vocal cords

107
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Fat cells, often mixed with loose connective tissue
Protects and insulates
Minimal matrix, subcutaneous or around heart/muscles
Grows/shrinks depending on storage

108
Q

Supportive connective tissues

A

Endoskeleton tissues: notochord, cartilage, bone

109
Q

Notochord

A

Plesiomorphic (ancestral) structure composed of vesicular connective tissue surrounded by cylindrical sheath and external membrane
Retained in lamprey, hagfish
Expanded and constricted between vertebrae in sharks
Forms nucleous pulposas of intervertebral discs in most tetrapods

110
Q

Vesicular connective tissue

A

Tissue of the notochord, made of fluid filled cells

111
Q

Cartilage

A

Solid and elastic extracellular matrix, full of collagen and proteoglycans
No blood/lymph
Cells are called chondrocytes, lay in lacunae within matrix
Can divide and lay down new matrix - interstitial and appositional growth
Tough perichondrium wraps cartilage

112
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cartilage cells

Lay within lacunae in matrix

113
Q

Appositional growth

A

Adding to outside

114
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Adding to inside

115
Q

Perichondrium

A

Outer fibrous layer, inner cellular layer
Inner layer is chondrogenic - makes cartilage cells
Wraps around cartilage

116
Q

Three cartilage types

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

117
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Blue-white/transluscent
Few fibers
Easily damagedarticulating joints, costal cartilages, nose, trachea, bronchi, larynx

118
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Many fibers, mostly collagen
Stronger, more tear resistant
Intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis

119
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Yellowish, loose collection of collagen and elastin fibers
Pliable and strong
Ear, epiglottis, lining eustachian tubes

120
Q

Bone

A

Dominant skeletal material in most adult vertebrates
Solid matrix with collagen fibers, some proteins, protein-polysaccharides and glycoproteins, and calcium phosphate as hydroxyapatite
Has blood vessels

121
Q

Bone tissue types

A

Lamellar bones/compact bone

Spongy bone/cancellous bone

122
Q

Lamellar bone

A

Dense, hard tissue towards the ends of a bone

123
Q

Spongy bone

A

Deeper tissue within a bone

Composed of trabeculae (bony plates) that form gaps filled with marrow

124
Q

Periosteum

A

Lining of the bone outside
Composed of an outer collagenous fibrous layer and an inner more cellular layer
Attached to the bone by Sharpey’s fibers

125
Q

Endosteum

A

Lining of inner spongy bone

126
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells trapped within lacunae

Connected via canaliculi

127
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small channels that allow for communication between lacunae

128
Q

What makes adult teleost bones special?

A

Anucleate

129
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone cells not in lacuna

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (2 decks)

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