Lecture (Exam 1) Flashcards
Chemical Level
Atoms and Molecules
Cellular Level
Cell: Basic structural and functional unit of life
Tissue Level
Tissue: Similar cells that perform a common function
Organ Level
Organ: 2 or more kinds of tissues integrated to perform specific funtions
Organ System Level
Organ System: Organs having related functions
Organismal Level
Organism: Has several organ systems which work together to maintain life.
Sagittal
Divides the body or organ into unequal right or left portions
Midsagittal
Divides the body or organ into equal halves
Coronal (Frontal)
Divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
Transverse (Horizontal, Cross-Sectional)
Divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.
Medial
Closer to midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
What does Cephalad mean?
Head
Cephalic Region?
Head
Orbital Region?
Eye
Nasal Region
Nose
Buccal Region
Cheek
Oral Region
Mouth
Mental Region
Chin
Cranial Region
Area covered by the scalp
Name for Neck?
Cervix
What is the Cervical Region?
The Neck
What is the Thorax or Thoracic Region?
Chest
Pectoral Regions
Left and Right Chest
Mammary Regions (Breasts)
Sit atop pectoral regions
Sternal Region
Between pectoral regions; overlies sternum
Axillary Regions
Armpits
Abdominal Region
Located between the diaphragm and the top of the hip bones
Pelvic Region
Between the hip bones
Deltoid Region
Shoulder
Brachial Region
Arm; Between shoulder and elbow
Antecubital (Cubital) Region
Front of elbow
Antebrachial Region
Forearm
Carpal Region
The “wrist”
Manus (Hand) Region
The Hand
Palmar
Front of hand
Dorsum
Back of hand
Femoral Region
Thigh
Patellar Region
Front surface of knee
Popliteal Region
Back of the knee (slightly indented)
Crural Region
Leg; between knee and ankle
Tarsal Region
Ankle
Petal Region
Foot
Plantar
Sole
Dorsum
Top Surface
Cranial Cavity
Brain resides here
Vertebral Cavity
Spinal cord resides here
Thoracic Cavity
Chest Cavity
Pleural Cavity
A lung resides in each
Mediastinum
Cavity between lungs
Pericardial Cavity
(within mediastinum) contains the heart
Abdominal Cavity
From thoracic diaphragm to top of hip bones
Pelvic Cavity
Between the hip bones
Plasma Membrane
Surrounds cell, forms a limiting barrier between external and internal environments
Structure of Plasma Membrane?
2 Layers of Phospholipids containing cholesterol and proteins
Plasma Membrane - Proteins
They’re in the membrane and they’re loosely attached to the surface
Plasma Membrane - Glycoproteins
Proteins with carbohydrates attached
Plasma Membrane - Glycolipids
Phospholipids with carbohydrates attached
Plasma Membrane - Permeable
Determined primarily by size, charge, and solubility of molecule. Regulates movement of material in/out of cell.
Plasma Membrane - Functions - Passive Transport
Simple Diffusion: Movement of substances through the cell membrane based on concentration differences (high to low)
Active Transport
Movement of substances through the cell membrane against a concentration gradient
Exocytosis
Process by which large molecules are secreted from the cell. Materials packaged within vesicles. Vesicles fuse with cell membrane and release contents outside of cell.
Endocytosis
Process by which large molecules are brought INTO the cell
Phagocytosis
“Cel Eating”: Engulfment of large particles with membrane extensions
Pinocytosis
“Cell Drinking”: Indigestion of fluid and small particles
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Substances bind to receptor which stimulates the formation of an nvagination and a vesicle is internalized
Microvilli
Nonmotile; Help increase the SA
Cilia
Motile, move substances over the surface of stationary cell
Flagellum
Motile, whip like structure that moves cells.
Mitochondrion
Produce ATP. We break a Phosphate away to make it ADP. When reasting, Mitochondrion adds the phosphate back to make ATP
Ribosomes
Involved in protein production (syntheis)
Free Ribosomes
Makes proteins for the cell
RIbosomes attached to the ER…
make proteins primarily for export
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of tubules used to transport and synthesize (produce materials)
ROugh Er
Has ribosomes on walls. TRansports and modififes proteinsmade by ribosomes.
Smooth ER
Has no ribosomes. Synthesizes lipids, mainly steroids. Detoxify drugs and alcohol.
Golgi Apparatus
Composed of flattened cisternae which modify and package proteins. Package proteins for secretion and forms lysosomes.
Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes. Enzymatically breaks down internalized material and old organelles. Fatal cytosis is when you bring it in.
Centrioles
Needed for cell division (two pairs)
Nucleus
Contains a Nuclear Envelope. It has nuclear pores and is selectively permeable.
Nucleolus
Made up of RNA, enzymes, and other proteins
What happens when a cell isn’t dividing?
DNA can be found associated with proteins in a filamentous mass. (Chromatin)
DNA
It is made up of nucleotides (each consists of phosphate, sugar, and base)
Shape of DNA?
Double Helix
Prior to Cell Division…
The DNA “unzips”. Free nucleotides will attach to the parent strand (=template). Each new DNA molecule consists of one parent strand and one new strand = replication
What is responsible for protein production?
Ribosomes