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ANAT-A 215 (Overall) > Lecture (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Lecture (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical Level

A

Atoms and Molecules

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2
Q

Cellular Level

A

Cell: Basic structural and functional unit of life

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3
Q

Tissue Level

A

Tissue: Similar cells that perform a common function

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4
Q

Organ Level

A

Organ: 2 or more kinds of tissues integrated to perform specific funtions

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5
Q

Organ System Level

A

Organ System: Organs having related functions

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6
Q

Organismal Level

A

Organism: Has several organ systems which work together to maintain life.

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7
Q

Sagittal

A

Divides the body or organ into unequal right or left portions

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8
Q

Midsagittal

A

Divides the body or organ into equal halves

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9
Q

Coronal (Frontal)

A

Divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

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10
Q

Transverse (Horizontal, Cross-Sectional)

A

Divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.

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11
Q

Medial

A

Closer to midline

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12
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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13
Q

What does Cephalad mean?

A

Head

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14
Q

Cephalic Region?

A

Head

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15
Q

Orbital Region?

A

Eye

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16
Q

Nasal Region

A

Nose

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17
Q

Buccal Region

A

Cheek

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18
Q

Oral Region

A

Mouth

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19
Q

Mental Region

A

Chin

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20
Q

Cranial Region

A

Area covered by the scalp

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21
Q

Name for Neck?

A

Cervix

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22
Q

What is the Cervical Region?

A

The Neck

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23
Q

What is the Thorax or Thoracic Region?

A

Chest

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24
Q

Pectoral Regions

A

Left and Right Chest

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25
Q

Mammary Regions (Breasts)

A

Sit atop pectoral regions

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26
Q

Sternal Region

A

Between pectoral regions; overlies sternum

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27
Q

Axillary Regions

A

Armpits

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28
Q

Abdominal Region

A

Located between the diaphragm and the top of the hip bones

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29
Q

Pelvic Region

A

Between the hip bones

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30
Q

Deltoid Region

A

Shoulder

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31
Q

Brachial Region

A

Arm; Between shoulder and elbow

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32
Q

Antecubital (Cubital) Region

A

Front of elbow

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33
Q

Antebrachial Region

A

Forearm

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34
Q

Carpal Region

A

The “wrist”

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35
Q

Manus (Hand) Region

A

The Hand

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36
Q

Palmar

A

Front of hand

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37
Q

Dorsum

A

Back of hand

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38
Q

Femoral Region

A

Thigh

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39
Q

Patellar Region

A

Front surface of knee

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40
Q

Popliteal Region

A

Back of the knee (slightly indented)

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41
Q

Crural Region

A

Leg; between knee and ankle

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42
Q

Tarsal Region

A

Ankle

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43
Q

Petal Region

A

Foot

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44
Q

Plantar

A

Sole

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45
Q

Dorsum

A

Top Surface

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46
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Brain resides here

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47
Q

Vertebral Cavity

A

Spinal cord resides here

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48
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Chest Cavity

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49
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

A lung resides in each

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50
Q

Mediastinum

A

Cavity between lungs

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51
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

(within mediastinum) contains the heart

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52
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

From thoracic diaphragm to top of hip bones

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53
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Between the hip bones

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54
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Surrounds cell, forms a limiting barrier between external and internal environments

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55
Q

Structure of Plasma Membrane?

A

2 Layers of Phospholipids containing cholesterol and proteins

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56
Q

Plasma Membrane - Proteins

A

They’re in the membrane and they’re loosely attached to the surface

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57
Q

Plasma Membrane - Glycoproteins

A

Proteins with carbohydrates attached

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58
Q

Plasma Membrane - Glycolipids

A

Phospholipids with carbohydrates attached

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59
Q

Plasma Membrane - Permeable

A

Determined primarily by size, charge, and solubility of molecule. Regulates movement of material in/out of cell.

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60
Q

Plasma Membrane - Functions - Passive Transport

A

Simple Diffusion: Movement of substances through the cell membrane based on concentration differences (high to low)

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61
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of substances through the cell membrane against a concentration gradient

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62
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process by which large molecules are secreted from the cell. Materials packaged within vesicles. Vesicles fuse with cell membrane and release contents outside of cell.

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63
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process by which large molecules are brought INTO the cell

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64
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“Cel Eating”: Engulfment of large particles with membrane extensions

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65
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“Cell Drinking”: Indigestion of fluid and small particles

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66
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Substances bind to receptor which stimulates the formation of an nvagination and a vesicle is internalized

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67
Q

Microvilli

A

Nonmotile; Help increase the SA

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68
Q

Cilia

A

Motile, move substances over the surface of stationary cell

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69
Q

Flagellum

A

Motile, whip like structure that moves cells.

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70
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Produce ATP. We break a Phosphate away to make it ADP. When reasting, Mitochondrion adds the phosphate back to make ATP

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71
Q

Ribosomes

A

Involved in protein production (syntheis)

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72
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

Makes proteins for the cell

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73
Q

RIbosomes attached to the ER…

A

make proteins primarily for export

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74
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of tubules used to transport and synthesize (produce materials)

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75
Q

ROugh Er

A

Has ribosomes on walls. TRansports and modififes proteinsmade by ribosomes.

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76
Q

Smooth ER

A

Has no ribosomes. Synthesizes lipids, mainly steroids. Detoxify drugs and alcohol.

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77
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Composed of flattened cisternae which modify and package proteins. Package proteins for secretion and forms lysosomes.

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78
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains digestive enzymes. Enzymatically breaks down internalized material and old organelles. Fatal cytosis is when you bring it in.

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79
Q

Centrioles

A

Needed for cell division (two pairs)

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80
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains a Nuclear Envelope. It has nuclear pores and is selectively permeable.

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81
Q

Nucleolus

A

Made up of RNA, enzymes, and other proteins

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82
Q

What happens when a cell isn’t dividing?

A

DNA can be found associated with proteins in a filamentous mass. (Chromatin)

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83
Q

DNA

A

It is made up of nucleotides (each consists of phosphate, sugar, and base)

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84
Q

Shape of DNA?

A

Double Helix

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85
Q

Prior to Cell Division…

A

The DNA “unzips”. Free nucleotides will attach to the parent strand (=template). Each new DNA molecule consists of one parent strand and one new strand = replication

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86
Q

What is responsible for protein production?

A

Ribosomes

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87
Q

Cell Cycle is divided into how many phases?

A

Two phases

88
Q

Interphase

A

Cell is not dividing. DNA is replicated during this time.

89
Q

Mitosis

A

Mitosis (Cell division for somatic cells) or Meiosis (cell division for sex cells)

90
Q

When is DNA replicated?

A

During Interphase

91
Q

Mitosis - Step One

92
Q

Prophase

A
  1. Chromatin (DNA and Proteins) becomes supercoiled to form chromosomes.
  2. Chromosomes are double stranded DNA. Two chromatids joined by a centromere.
  3. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus break down!
  4. Spindle fibers extend from centrioles to the chromosomes
93
Q

Mitosis - Step Two

94
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align along center of cell

95
Q

Mitosis - Step Three

96
Q

Mitosis - Step Four

97
Q

Anaphase

A
  1. The two chromatids split apart at centromere

2. Each chromatid, a single stranded chromosome, is pulled to opposite ends of cell

98
Q

Telophase

A
  1. Single chromosomes uncoil
  2. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reforms
  3. Ckeavage furrow develops. (Indent in chromosome)
99
Q

What occurs after Telophase?

A

Cytokinesis

100
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

Division of cytoplasm. Cells now enter Interphase. Without this, they would have two nuclei in a cell.

101
Q

In which of the following stages of mitosis do the centromeres split and the chromatids begin to separate?

102
Q

What is Histology?

A

Microscopic study of tissues

103
Q

Four kinds of tissues?

A

Epithelia, Connective, Muscle, Tissue

104
Q

Location of Epithelia?

A

Covers body/organ surfaces, lines body cavities and forms glands

105
Q

Characteristics of Epithelia?

A

Very Cellular
Has a free surface (apilcal surface)
Bound to underlying tissue by a basement membrane
Avascular (Vessels that lack blood)

106
Q

Epithelia Layer Options?

A

Simple Epithelium

Stratified Epithelium

107
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

One layer thick

108
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A

Many layers thick

109
Q

Epithelia Shape options?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

110
Q

Squamous

A

Flattened Cells

111
Q

Cuboidal

A

Cube-Shaped Cells

112
Q

Columnar

A

Hexagonal Column

113
Q

What are Simple Squamous Epithelium?

A

One layer of flattened cells

114
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium Location?

A

Lines lumen (cavity) of blood vessels, tiny air sacs of lungs, and lines body cavity

115
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium Function?

A

Primarily rapid diffusion and filtration (Thinnest of all tissues)

116
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

One layer of cube-shaped cells

117
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Location

A

Lines tubules (salivary glands and kidneys). (Thicker so its not used for rapid diffusion and filtration)

118
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Function

A

Secretion and Absorption

119
Q

Simple columnar Epithelium

A

One layer of tall, narrow cells. May have microvilli, goblet cells, or cilia.

120
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium Location

A

Lines most of GI (Gastrointestinal Tract)

121
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium Function

A

Secretion (Mucus and Enzymes) and Absorption (Nutrients)

122
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Single layer of cells with varying heights that appears multilayered. One kind has cilia (pseudostratified CILIATED columnar epithelium) and goblet cells

123
Q

Types of Simple Epithelia

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

124
Q

Types of Stratified Epithelia

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Transitional Epithelium

125
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Location

A

Lines most of respiratory tract

126
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Function

A

Protection (moving dirty mucus) and Secretion (mucus)

127
Q

Stratified Squamous Epitherlium

A

Upper layer of cells are flattened, lower layers appear cuboidal or polyhedral. Deepest layers highly mitotic.

128
Q

Types of Stratified Squamous Epithlium?

A

Keratinized and Nonkeratinized

129
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Contains keratin, superficial layers consist of dead cells

130
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Location

131
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Function

A

Protection (Protects by making thick barrier to keep things in and out)

132
Q

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Superficial cells are alive and keep moist

133
Q

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Location

A

Oral Cavity, Part of Pharynx, Esophagus, Vagina, and the Anus.

134
Q

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Function

A

Protection

135
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Some cells are binucleated. Surface cells may be done shaped or flattened.

136
Q

Transitional Epithelium Location

A

Found in most of the urinary tract

137
Q

Transitional Epithelium function

A

Withstands distention (stretching) and relaxing

138
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A

Specialized epithelial tissues that have excretory functions.

139
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Formed from epithelial tissues - they secrete their materials onto a free surface.

140
Q

Types of Exocrine Glands?

A

Unicellular

Multicellular

141
Q

Unicellular Exocrine Glands

A

Goblet Cells

142
Q

Unicellular Exocrine Glands Location

A

Respiratory and digestive systems.

143
Q

Unicellular Exocrine Glands Function

A

Secrete mucus!

144
Q

Multicellular Exocrine Gland Types

A

Merocrine Glands
Apocrine Glands
Holocrine Glands

145
Q

Merocrine Glands

A

Secretes a watery fluid through the cell membrane.

146
Q

Merocrine Gland Example

A

Salivary Glands. You constantly make and release it

147
Q

Apocrine Glands

A

Top part of the cell is pinched off, it becomes the secretion. Stored at very top of the cell. Have to release the tip to be released by the rest of the body.

148
Q

Apocrine Gland Example

A

Mammary Glands

149
Q

Holocrine Glands

A

Entire cell is released and it ruptures and dies. They produce oil. Cell release and in the duct, it breaks apart releasing oil.

150
Q

Holocrine Gland Example

A

Sebaceous (Oil) Gland

151
Q

Which epithelial tissue allows primarily for rapid filtration and diffusion?

A

Simple Squamous

152
Q

Characteristsics of Connective Tissue

A

Binds/Supports/Protects other tissues and organs, derived from mesenchyme (Embryonic CT)

153
Q

Connective Tissue consists of

A

Cells
Extracellular Matrix
Vascularity Varies

154
Q

Connective Tissue - Cells

A

Tons of cells. Typically unattached space between cells.

155
Q

Connective Tissue - Extracellular Matrix.

A

Outside of the cells, the space between the cells.

156
Q

Whats located in the Extracellular Matrix?

A

Fibers which include…
Collagen
Elastin
Reticular

Ground Substance

157
Q

Collagen used for

158
Q

Elastin used for

A

Elasticity

159
Q

Reticular used for

160
Q

What is Ground Substance?

A

Reticular fiber in this. Extra cellular matrix suspended in ground substance.

161
Q

What does Vascularity Vary?

A

Some don’t have blood cells.

162
Q

Classifications of Connective Tissues

A

Connective Tissue Proper - Gel Like
Cartilage - Semisolid
Bone - Rigid
Vascular Tissue - Liquid

163
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A

Matrix is gel-like

164
Q

What falls in Connective Tissue Proper?

A

Loose CT

Dense CT

165
Q

Loose Connective Tissue contains

A

fewer fibers, more ground substance

166
Q

Dense Connective Tissue contains

A

more fibers, fewer ground substance

167
Q

What falls under Loose Connective Tissue?

A

Areolar CT

Adipose (Fat Tissue)

168
Q

Areolar CT

A

Predominant cells are fibroblasts, many irregularly arranged fibers and it’s very vascular (blood vesels)

169
Q

Areolar CT Location

A

Surrounds nerves, vessels, and muscle cells

170
Q

Areolar CT Function

A

Packing and binding material (artery to vein)

171
Q

Adipose (Fat Tissue)

A

Contains adipocytes (it’s very vascular)

172
Q

Adipose Location

A

Primarily in the skin

173
Q

Adipose Functions

A

Stores fat (energy), insulation against temperature changes, an protection (Absorbs Shock)

174
Q

What falls under Dense CT

A

Dense Irregular CT

Dense Regular CT

175
Q

Dense Irregular CT

A

Contains fibroblasts: Irregularly arranged bundles of collagen (very vascular)

176
Q

Dense Irregular CT Location

A

Dermis (Lower level of skin)

177
Q

Dense Irregular CT Function

A

Withstands stress in all directions

178
Q

Dense Regular CT

A

Contains fibroblasts; protein fibers are arranged in parallel bundles. Poor vascularity.

179
Q

Dense Regular CT Location

A

Tendons and Ligaments

180
Q

Dense Regular CT Function

A

Strength and Flexibility (In One Direction)

181
Q

Cartilage

A

Semisolid Matrix. Avascular (No Blood Vessels)
Flexible
Heals Slowly
Cells = Chondroblasts (Can heal) and Chondrocytes (Maintain the cartilage)
Cells In Lanunae

182
Q

What falls under Cartilage?

A

Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage

183
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Matrix contains very fine collagen fibers (Almost impossible to see them)

184
Q

Hyaline Cartilage Location

A

Found on articular surfaces (ends of bones)
Nasal Septum
Tracheae
Fetal Skeleton

185
Q

Function of Hyaline Cartilage?

A

Support and Protection

186
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Matrix contains thick collagen fibers

187
Q

Fibrocartilage Location

A

Found in intervertebral disks
Symphysis pubis
Menisci

188
Q

Function of Fibrocartilage?

A

Withstands compression and absorbs shock

*Compress and spring back to normal shape; basically shock absorbers

189
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Matrix contains numerous elastic fibers.

190
Q

Elastic Cartilage Location

A

Outer Ear and Larynx (Voice Box)

191
Q

Function of Elastic Cartilage?

A

Flexibility and Strength

192
Q

Bone

A

Matrix is rigid and it’s highly vascularized.

193
Q

Types of bone tissue within bones?

A

Compact (Dense)

Spongy (Cancellous)

194
Q

Compact Bone

A

Outer shell of bone

195
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Inner lattice-work of bone.

Hemopoietic (red bone marrow) tissue found within spaces

196
Q

Vascular Tissue (Blood)

A

Contains blood cells (or formed elements) and a liquid matrix called plasma

197
Q

Function of Vascular Tissue (Blood)

A

Transport (Nutrients, Materials, Hormones)

198
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Moves body and materials within the body

199
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue?

A

Smooth Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle Tissue

200
Q

Shape of Smooth Muscle Tissue?

A

Spindle-Shaped Cells (Thick in middle and tapers at the end)

201
Q

Nucleus in Smooth Muscle Tissue?

A

One centrally location nucleus

202
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue Voluntary or Involuntary?

A

Involuntary

203
Q

Where is Smooth Muscle Tissue Found?

A

Found in walls of hollow organs

204
Q

Shape of Cardiac Muscle Tissue?

A

Short, Cylindrical or Bifurcated branching Cells

205
Q

Nucleus in Cardiac Muscle Tissue?

A

Has one or TWO centrally located nuclei

206
Q

Special feature of Cardiac Muscle Tissue?

A

Has Intercalated Discs (ICD is a masas of protein that holds cells together so that they don’t separate)

207
Q

What distinguished Cardiac Muscle Tissue?

A

Striations

208
Q

Are Cardiac Muscle Tissue Voluntary or Involuntary?

A

Involuntary

209
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Shape?

A

Long, Cylindrical Cells

210
Q

Nucleus in Skeletal Muscle Tissue?

A

Nuclei located periphery of cell

211
Q

Distinguishing feature of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Striations

212
Q

Are Skeletal Muscle tissues Voluntary or Involuntary?

213
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Makes up the nervous system

214
Q

Types of Nervous Tissue Cell Types?

A 
Neurons
Supporting Cells (Neuroglia)
215
Q

Neurons

A

Generate and Conduct Nerve Impulses

216
Q

Supporting Cell (Neuroglia)

A

Support, protect, and nourish neurons

ANAT-A 215 (Overall) (8 decks)

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