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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Analogy

A

Similar function

e.i. Bird and bat wings

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1
Q

Homology

A

Common ancestry

e.i. Forelimbs of bird and crocodile

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2
Q

Homoplasy

A

Similar appearance

e.i. Sail fin on fish and sail back reptile

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3
Q

Homocercal tail

A

Dorsal and ventral same size, provides thrust, found with swim bladder

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4
Q

Heterocercal tail

A

Dorsal bigger then ventral, provides lift, found without swim bladder

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5
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

Have both reptile and bird traits

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6
Q

Lobe fin

A

Preadapted to evolve to tetrapods

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7
Q

True chordate fila

A

Cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata

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8
Q

Fila with some chordate feature

A

Hemichordata

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9
Q

Chordate features

A

Notochord,dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, endostyle/thyroid gland

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10
Q

Endostyle

A

Mucus producing

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11
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Hormone producing

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12
Q

Notochord

A

Fluid filled cells, rigid/flexible = structure/movement, early in embryos but degrade in adults, under dorsal hollow nerve cord

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13
Q

Pharyngeal slits

A

Behind buckle cavity in pharynx, exit for filter feeding, embryo in mammals

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14
Q

Protocordates

A

Hemichordates, chephalochordates, urochordates

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15
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Develop anus then head

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16
Q

Hemichordates

A

Pharyngeal slits develop differently, anus at tip of tail, collar nerve cord (develop differently, ciliary mucus feeder, body plan (proboscis, collar, trunk). e.i. Acorn worm

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17
Q

Hemichordates larvae

A

Free swimming similar to echinoderm

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18
Q

Cephalochordates

A

Marine, closer to Hemichordates

e.i. Amphioxus, lamprey

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19
Q

Urochordate

A

Adults lack tail and notochord, branchial basket (pharynx), closer to vertebrates. e.i. Tunicates, larvacea, “sea skirt”

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20
Q

Larvacea

A

Urochordate, release mucus that creates “house”

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21
Q

Origin of chordate body plan theories

A

Anthropod/annelid ancestor or echinoderm ancestor

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22
Q

Anthropoid ancestor to chordates

A

Segment, ventral not hollow nerve cord (flipped), false

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23
Q

Echinoderm ancestor to chordates

A

Hemichordates larva similar to echinoderm larva, bilateral symmetry, deuterostomes (Gastang)

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24
Q

Echinoderm larva. How is notochord formed?

A

Similar to chordates but elongated (ciliary bands form nerve cords

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25
Q

Larva sizes

A

Locomotion (cilia then segmented muscles and notochord), feeding changes (adoral band/cilia use endostyle then water intake use pharyngeal slits)

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26
Q

Paedomorphosis

A

Juvenile able to breed. e.i. Salamander

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27
Q

Ancestor of chordates

A

Echinoderm

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28
Q

First complex life

A

542 mya

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29
Q

First vertebrate/chordate

A

.5 bya, Cambrian period in Paleozoic era

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30
Q

Fossil types

A

Impression and mineralized

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31
Q

Impression

A

Fine silt

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32
Q

Mineralized fossils

A

Hard structures convert to rock

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33
Q

Dating fossils

A

Stratigraphy (comparison) and radioisotopes (uranium to lead and potassium to argon)

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34
Q

What can you find out from fossils?

A

Behavior/social interactions, fair, skin texture

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35
Q

Ostracoderms

A

Early fish, jawless

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36
Q

Placoderm

A

Jaw fish

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37
Q

Early Paleozoic

A

Ostracoderms, placoderm

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38
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Shark, cartage skeleton

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39
Q

Osteichthyes (types)

A

Bony fish, types: sarcopterygian and actinopterygian

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40
Q

Sarcopterygian example

A

e.i. Lung fish and coelacanth

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41
Q

Actinopterygian example

A

e.i. 1. Sturgeon, paddle fish, bichirs 2. Gars, amia 3. Salmon, perch, bass, etc…

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42
Q

Late Paleozoic

A

Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, tetrapod

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43
Q

Describe first tetrapod. (Years ago)

A

Amphibian-like 400 mya (e.i. Acanthostega with polydactyl digits), reptile 270 mya

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44
Q

Endothermic bones

A

Have osteons

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45
Q

Osteons

A

Long cylinders in bones

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46
Q

Ectotherm bones

A

Have growth rings

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47
Q

Early tetrapod bones

A

Rings but not osteons

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48
Q

Dinosaur bones

A

Osteons but no definite growth rings

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49
Q

Turbinates

A

Nasal conchae, warms and moistens air and recover moisture during exhalation (dinosaurs don’t have)

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50
Q

Primitive vertebrae

A

Protect neural tube: arches around neural tube, ventral arches around arteries, prominent notochord

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51
Q

Arcualia theory of vertebrae development

A

Evolutionary fusion of blocks, false: tetrapods develop differently

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52
Q

Resegmentation

A

Somite grow in repeated units down neural tube, separate into pieces (dermis, body, vertebrae), vertebrae grow around notochord-perichordal tube, resegment (.5 and .5), notochord degenerates

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53
Q

Vertebrae formation theories

A

Shark arculia and resegmentation (true)

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54
Q

Aspidospondyly

A

Vertebrae spines and centra are separate, primitive/flexible. e.i. Rhachitomous

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55
Q

Holospondyle

A

Vertebra and centrum connected, firm/weight baring, e.i. Lepospondyle

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56
Q

Bowfish

A

Have both aspidospondyl and holospondyl

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57
Q

Early placoderm vertebrae

A

Larger notocord but increased vertebrae

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58
Q

Chondrichthyes vertebrae

A

Reduced notocord but still present

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59
Q

Fins and girdles purpose

A

Muscle attachment, bone or cartilage

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60
Q

Limbs and girdles purpose

A

Stabilize limbs, carry propulsive force, muscle attachment

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61
Q

Part fins to limbs

A

Basal-stylopodium, radials-zeugopodium, dermal-autopodium

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62
Q

Theories for fins to limbs

A

Gill arch theory and fin fold theory

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63
Q

Gill arch theory

A

(Karl Gegenbaur) extend gill ray to become fins, what about pelvic fins?

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64
Q

Fin fold theory

A

(Francis Balfour) ventral ridges/fin folds in Agnathans stiffened by internal structures

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65
Q

Why evolve fins?

A

Streamline but balanced: pitch, yaw, roll

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66
Q

Pitch

A

Up down force

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67
Q

Yaw

A

Left/right force

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68
Q

Roll

A

Force that turns over

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69
Q

Ostracoderms other features

A

Early Agnathans, no pelvic girdle, reverse heterocercal tail (not active)

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70
Q

Primitive bony fish

A

Have pectoral and pelvic girdle, active

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71
Q

Modern shark pectoral girdle

A

Basals fuse to form

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72
Q

Bony fish pectoral girdle

A

Most dermal bone, small amount endochondral none, port temporal attach skull

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73
Q

Dermal bone

A

Beneath skin

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74
Q

Endochondral bone

A

Cartilage to bone

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75
Q

Modification after fin to limb

A

Pelvic/pectoral girdle modest in fish and weight bearing in tetrapod, early tetrapod dermal reduced and not attached to skull (force not passed to skill)

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76
Q

Coelacanths

A

400 mya (thought extinct 65 mya), found to still be alive, hover and stabilize water column using lobe fins, 2 species (Africa and Indonesia)

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77
Q

Coelacanth discovery

A

1930s: Courtney Latimer caught in S Africa. 1950s: another caught and preserved

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78
Q

Pectoral girdle dual origin

A

endochondral component - basal fin elements (articulation and attachments) and dermal - dermal armor (brace)

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79
Q

Lobe fin

A

Preadapted into limbs

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80
Q

Why move to land?

A

Escape predation or aestivation but stay in water

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81
Q

Catfish and mud puppies

A

Modified/elongated pectoral fins, moved forwards, mud puppies hold water in mouth

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82
Q

Pectoral girdle pieces

A

Scapula, procoracoid, coracoid

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83
Q

Pectoral girdle modification

A

Endochondral component becomes more prominent

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84
Q

Pelvic girdle bone types and fusion

A

Only endochondral, fuse with adjacent vertebrae to stabilize (forces distributed to vertebrae)

85
Q

Pelvic bones

A

Pelvis, ischium, ilium

86
Q

Synapsids to mammals

A

Excavation (lighter because holes), orientation (align forces with travel direction), pubis/muscles reduced

87
Q

Synapsids

A

Mammal-like tetrapod

88
Q

Biomechanics

A

How form and function are related to engineering

89
Q

Forces

A

Static (gravity) and dynamic (motion)

90
Q

Compression

A

Push together

91
Q

Tension

A

Pull apart

92
Q

Shear

A

Opposing forces (bend in half)

93
Q

What forces can bones resist most?

A

Compression > tension > shear

94
Q

Microfractures

A

Imperfections concentrate forces

95
Q

Leading

A

How forces are distributed

96
Q

More stable leading

A

Asymmetrical leading

97
Q

How to prevent breaks

A

Counter weight, bigger brace (e.i. Tendon-iliotibial tract)

98
Q

Continuous force

A

Atrophy. e.i. Tumor

99
Q

Unstressed force

A

Atrophy. e.i. Astronaut

100
Q

Intermittent force

A

Hypertrophy. e.i. Normal

101
Q

Atrophy

A

Reduction bone mass

102
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased bone mass

103
Q

Stressed trajectory

A

Focused at periphery, forms compact bones

104
Q

Trabeculae

A

Spongy bone

105
Q

Wolf’s Law

A

Bone remolding proportional to mechanical forces applied

106
Q

Piezoelectricity

A

Negative charge = bone depression = compression

107
Q

Why biped locomotion?

A

Height,sight, more forelimb use

108
Q

Modifications for bipedal locomotion

A

Feet have arches, legs further apart, shorter pelvis, s-shaped vertebral column, axial muscles and ligament stabilization

109
Q

Foot arches

A

Weight spread out

110
Q

Legs further apart

A

Femur angled, allows balance

111
Q

Shorter pelvis

A

Lowers waist and center of gravity

112
Q

A-shaped vertebral collumn

A

Shock absorber

113
Q

Suspension support

A

Static support

114
Q

Resist compression

A

Neural spines and centra

115
Q

Resist tension

A

Muscles/ligaments

116
Q

Biological node

A

Reversal of neural spine direction

117
Q

Counter balance

A

Tail

118
Q

Expanded cervical

A

Increase head movement

119
Q

Separate lumbar

A

No interference with hind limbs

120
Q

Streamlining

A

Reduce drag to maximize propulsion

121
Q

Lateral undulation

A

Used by fish, amphibians, and reptiles

122
Q

What organisms use cursorial motion?

A

Mammals and dinosaurs (developed separately)

123
Q

Therapsid modifications

A

Limbs/digits rotated forward (direction of travel), limbs under body

124
Q

Limbs under body

A

Ease of motion, pendulum swing (adductor reduced), developed independently in dinosaurs

125
Q

Lateral sequence gate

A

3/4 limbs in contact together, stable

126
Q

Speed =

A

Stride length x stride rate

127
Q

Increase stride length

A
  1. Distal elements lengthen 2. Foot posture with less contact 3. Joint addition to locomotor mechanism 4. Increase flexion
128
Q

Flexion

A

Distance limbs move while off ground

129
Q

Increase stride rate

A
  1. Muscle location 2. Muscle mass (lighten distally) 3. Digit reduction (lighten distally)
130
Q

Lighten distally

A

Reduce inertia

131
Q

Gates

A

Pattern foot touches ground

132
Q

Amble

A

Forelimbs and hind feet move in unison

133
Q

Fast amble

A

Pace

134
Q

Troy

A

Diagonally opposite limbs move together

135
Q

Half-bound

A

Hind feet contact a same time, forefeet lead and trail

136
Q

Gallop

A

All feet leading and trailing, high speed

137
Q

Print (bound)

A

All four in unison, decelerates

138
Q

Larger animal travel

A

Less flexion, less energy, endurance

139
Q

Smaller animal travel

A

More energy, speed

140
Q

Ariel locomotion

A

Movement through air

141
Q

Jumping

A

Escape predators

142
Q

Parachuting

A

Increase drag, soft impact

143
Q

Gliding

A

Deflect line of fall, increase lift

144
Q

Flailing

A

Increase distance

145
Q

Classes with powered flight

A

Birds, bats, pterosaurs

146
Q

Flying squirrel

A

Gliding skin

147
Q

Pigmy opossum

A

Parachuting cup body

148
Q

Colugo “flying lemur”

A

Largest flap of skin includes tail and fingers

149
Q

Flying frog

A

Webbed feet

150
Q

Flying lizard “flying dragon”

A

Long ribs

151
Q

Flying snake

A

Flatten ribs into cup shape

152
Q

Flying fish

A

Large pectoral fins

153
Q

Bats

A

Fold of skin (body to digits), manis only in wings not whole arm

154
Q

Pterosaurs

A

Sparrow size to 40 ft wing span, membrane extends to elongated 5th digit

155
Q

Birds

A

Most efficient adaptations, primary and secondary feather

156
Q

Origin of flight hypotheses

A

Arboreal, insect net, and climbing

157
Q

Insect-net theory

A

running with short hops, wings used to catch insects/small prey

158
Q

Climbing theory

A

Wing assisted incline running motion same as flying motion. Archaeopteryx don’t have claws for climbing

159
Q

Bernoulli’s principle

A

As fluid velocity increased, pressure fluid decreases

160
Q

Airfoils

A

Allows separation of fluid velocities

161
Q

Cambered wing

A

Front of wing thicker; air flows over top faster, decreases pressure while under pressure increases causing lift

162
Q

Horizontal wing

A

Lift greater then drag

163
Q

Partially Angled wing

A

Lifts more but also more drag

164
Q

Extremely angled wing

A

Decreases lift and increases drag

165
Q

Secondary feathers

A

Forearm, lift

166
Q

Primary feathers

A

Phylanges, thrust

167
Q

Soaring vs thrust wings

A

Thrust increased manus and thrust, soaring increased forearm and increase lift

168
Q

Soaring wing shape

A

Long (lift)

169
Q

Pheasant win shape

A

Short/rounded wing (maneuverable)

170
Q

Swallow wing shape

A

Streamline (streamline/fast)

171
Q

Hawk

A

Intermediate shape (maneuverable/lift)

172
Q

Penguin wing bones

A

Robust wing with thick bones (swimming)

173
Q

Auk wing bones

A

Medium bones (blinking)

174
Q

Sea gull wing bone

A

Thin/long bones (soaring)

175
Q

Synsacrum

A

Rigid skeleton resists aerodynamic forces

176
Q

Why fly?

A

Travel distances/migrate, catch prey

177
Q

Tubular hollow bones

A

Lighten skeleton

178
Q

Synsacrum parts

A

Sacrum and pelvic girdle

179
Q

Early Mesozoic (200 mya)

A

True amphibians and true reptiles

180
Q

True amphibians

A

Frogs, salamander, and caecilians

181
Q

True reptiles

A

Turtles, crocodiles, squamatrs, tuatara

182
Q

Tuatara

A

Reptile from Jurassic period

183
Q

Age of reptiles

A

Mesozoic

184
Q

Ichthyosaurs

A

Dolphin-like, 30 ft long, air breathing through mouth

185
Q

Plesiosaurs

A

Pattle-like limbs, air breathing, 2 types: long 70 vertebrae neck and short neck. e.i. Loch Ness

186
Q

Pterosaurs

A

Powered flight, pinky extended to become wing, coastal, needle teeth

187
Q

Dinosaur types

A

Saurischians and ornithischians

188
Q

Saurischians

A

Ischium hip down, “lizard hip”

189
Q

Ornithischians

A

Ischium hip back, “bird hip”

190
Q

Stegosaurs

A

Plates down back (heat/protection) and spiked tail

191
Q

What caused dinosaur extinction?

A

Volcanism, climate, vegitation, asteroid

192
Q

Asteroid

A

Eukenane peninsula 65 mya

193
Q

Age of mammals

A

Cenozoic

194
Q

Mesozoic-Triassic

A

First mammals

195
Q

Lineages of mammals

A

Monotremes, theria, eutheria

196
Q

Monotremes

A

Lay eggs. e.i. Platypus, spiny anteater

197
Q

Theria

A

Pouched marsupials

198
Q

Eutheria

A

Placental mammals

199
Q

Saber-toothed mammals

A

2 Placental (e.i cat and nimravid cat-like) and 1 marcupial

200
Q

Late Cenozoic

A

Humans

201
Q

Human species

A

Homo habalis (“handy man”), homo erectus, homo ergaster, homo neanderthalensis, homo sapien

202
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

A

Extinct 10-12 thousand years ago

203
Q

Homo sapien

A

100 thousand years ago

204
Q

Mid-Cenozoic

A

Decline in North American mammal diversity

205
Q

Ectotherms

A

“Cold blooded”

206
Q

Endotherms

A

Warm blooded

207
Q

Predictor prey ratio of dinosaurs

A

Less predators shows endotherm. Cod be chance fossils

208
Q

Insulation of dinosaurs

A

Feathers first in dinosaurs. Shows endotherm. Could be sexual

209
Q

Latitudinal distribution of dinosaurs

A

Spread to poles shows endotherm. Could be migration

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (1 decks)

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