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Bio 103 > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

Items from study guide for Lecture Exam 1.

1
Q

For what is Robert Hooke known?

A

Used microscope he built to observe cork ; saw tiny compartments which he called cellulae

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2
Q

For what is Francisco Redi known?

A

First to refute spontaneous generation.

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3
Q

For what is Antoine van Leeuwenhoek known?

A

discovered living cells ; animalicules “little animals”

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4
Q

For what is Matthias Schleiden known?

A

Cell theory ; all plants are made of cells

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5
Q

For what is Theodor Schwann known?

A

cell theory ; all animals are made up of cells

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6
Q

For what is Rudolf Carl Virchow known?

A

biogenesis ; all cells come from pre-existing living cells

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7
Q

For what is Louis Pasteur known?

A

early vaccines ; germs are everywhere ; fermentation

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8
Q

For what is Alexander Fleming known?

A

discovered penicillin

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9
Q

For what is Rosalind Franklin known?

A

discovered via x-rays that the structure of DNA is helix

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10
Q

For what are Watson and Crick known?

A

model of DNA as a double helix

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11
Q

For what is Ian Wilmut known?

A

cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult body cell (somatic cell)

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12
Q

For what is Robert Brown known?

A

described nucleus as control center/where DNA is stored

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13
Q

What are the five characteristics of living things?

A

Organization ; acquisition of materials/energy ; response ; reproduce and develop ; adapt

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14
Q

What is a tissue?

A

different cells combined for a common function

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15
Q

What is an organ?

A

tissues combined for a common function.

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16
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Organs working together

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16
Q

What is the smallest unit of life?

A

cell

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17
Q

What is meant by “emergent properties”?

A

Each level has characteristics not found at lower levels ; each level is the sum of its own parts, cannot exist without those parts

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18
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all chemical reactions in a cell

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19
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

internal control mechanisms

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20
Q

What is science?

A

The theory/application of systematic study to determine structure/function of the natural world through observation and experiment.

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of science?

A

natural laws ; explained by natural laws ; must be testable ; conclusions are tentative ; falsifiable

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22
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

develop inferences from generalized principles (a priori knowledge)

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23
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

develop general principles from observations

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24
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

logical series of steps to gain new knowledge

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25
Q

What are the steps in the scientific method?

A

Observation ; hypothesis ; experiment ; conclusion ; repeat

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26
Q

What does “observation” mean?

A

identify the problem/phenomenon

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27
Q

What does “hypothesis” mean?

A

educated guess ; possible explanation for phenomenon

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28
Q

What is an experiment?

A

test hypothesis ; make predictions with deductive reasoning

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29
Q

What does “conclusion” means?

A

Does data support the hypothesis? ; inductive reasoning

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30
Q

Why must the scientific method include the 5th step, “repeat”?

A

Results must be repeatable by others ; if the test is retained, new hypothesis must be made and tested

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31
Q

What is experimental design?

A

method of research in which a subject group is exposed to controlled experimental variable to compare with the control group.

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32
Q

What is an experimental variable? What was the example in our class?

A

independent variable ; manipulated by the scientist ; example was aspirin dosage for headaches.

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33
Q

What is a response variable? What was the example in our class?

A

dependent variable ; the change ; example was the amount of time it took for the dosage to take effect

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34
Q

What is a test group? What was the example in our class?

A

the people exposed to the experimental variable ; example was the people who received aspirin

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35
Q

What is a control group? What was the example in our class?

A

the people NOT exposed to the experimental variable ; example was the people who were not given aspirin/given a placebo

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36
Q

What is a placebo?

A

a controlled manipulation to the experiment that has no effect.

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37
Q

What are data?

A

quantitative results from experiment

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38
Q

What is a scientific theory?

A

hypothesis supported by lots of evidence ; never rejected

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39
Q

What is a scientific law?

A

generally accepted scientific theory

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40
Q

List the major scientific theories of biology and science.

A

cell theory ; law of biogenesis ; gene theory ; evolution/microevolution ; first and second law of thermodynamics ; law of gravity ; laws of hereditary ; law of segregation ; law of independent assortment ; Hardy-Weinberg law ; principle of nuclear equivalence

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41
Q

What is matter?

A

anything that has mass and occupies space

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42
Q

What are elements?

A

matter composed of pure substances

43
Q

What are the primary elements of organisms?

A

carbon ; hydrogen ; nitrogen ; oxygen ; phosphorus ; sulfur

44
Q

What is a proton? Where is it found in an atom? What is its charge?

A

positively-charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

45
Q

What is a neutron? Where is it found in an atom? What is its charge?

A

neutral-charge subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

46
Q

What is an electron? Where is it found in an atom? What is its charge?

A

negatively-charged subatomic particle found in the valence shell orbiting around the nucleus of the atom

47
Q

What is the Atomic Mass of an element?

A

Total mass of protons + neutrons.

48
Q

What is the Atomic Number of an element?

A

number of protons

49
Q

What is an isotope?

A

atoms of the same element with same atomic number, but different atomic weight ; unstable

50
Q

If an atom contains 6 protons in the nucleus, how many electrons will that atom usually have?

A

6 electrons ; 2 inner shell, 4 outer shell

51
Q

Which electrons have the highest energy?

A

electrons farthest from nucleus have the highest potential energy

52
Q

What is the Octet Rule?

A

1st shell is full when there are 2 electrons ; 2nd shell is full when there are 8 electrons

53
Q

What is an ion?

A

charged atom/molecule

54
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

transfer of electrons via oxidation or reduction

55
Q

How would you describe the strength of an ionic bond?

56
Q

What is Covalent bonding?

A

sharing of electrons

57
Q

How would you describe the strength of a covalent bond?

A

strongest bond

58
Q

What is Polar Covalent bonding? What results from a polar covalent bond?

A

unequal sharing of electrons ; results in an electro-positive end and electro-negative end.

59
Q

What is Hydrogen bonding?

A

slightly positive H atom attracts to slightly negative molecule

60
Q

How would you describe the strength of a hydrogen bond?

A

weakest bond ; easily broken

61
Q

What is the relationship of energy to chemical bonds?

A

energy is needed to form a chemical bond ; energy is stored in the bond ; energy is released when the bond is broken

62
Q

What is an acid?

A

produces protons ; tastes sour ; can be corrosive

63
Q

What is a base?

A

accepts protons ; tastes bitter ; can be caustic ; feels slippery

64
Q

What is pH?

A

measure of acidity/alkalinity

65
Q

Describe the pH scale.

A

ranges 0-14 ; 0-3 is acidic ; 11-14 is basic ; 4-10 is neutral

66
Q

What are the characteristics of water?

A

essential to life ; resists changes in temperature ; resists changes in state ; universal solvent ; cohesion (sticks to self) and adhesion (sticks to others) ; high surface tension ; solid form is less dense than liquid form

67
Q

What is the relationship of water to living things?

A

living things are 70-90% made up of water

68
Q

What is meant by hydrophobic?

A

“water fearing” ; repelled by water

69
Q

What is meant by hydrophillic?

A

“water loving” ; attracted to water

70
Q

Give an example of a molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophillic.

A

phospholipid

71
Q

What are the primary elements of organic molecules?

A

CHO ; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

72
Q

What are the characteristics of carbon?

A

4 electrons in the outer shell ; covalent bonds ; binds with up to 4 elements ; bonds with other carbon atoms ; long carbon chains or rings

73
Q

What are Functional Groups?

A

attached to carbon chain ; certain patterns = structures ; behaviors = functions ; determines polarity of organic molecules

74
Q

What are the primary classes of organic molecules? (know some examples and characteristics)

A

carbohydrates (glucose ; immediate energy) ; lipids (fats and oils ; 2x potential energy) ; proteins ; nucleic acids

75
Q

What is Dehydration Synthesis?

A

when monomers join ; OH- and H+ removed, while H2O is formed

76
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

adding water breaks the bond ; reverse of dehydration synthesis

77
Q

What is a monosaccharide? Give an example.

A

“one sugar” ; building block for carbohydrates ; examples are glucose and fructose

78
Q

What is a disaccharide? Give an example.

A

2 monosaccharides ; examples are sucrose and lactose

79
Q

What is a polysaccharide? Give an example.

A

polymers of monosaccharides ; examples are starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

80
Q

What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms in carbohydrates?

A

1 C : 2 H : 1 O

81
Q

What is Chitin?

A

the material that makes up the exoskeleton of insects, arachnids, and crustaceans.

82
Q

What are the four classes of lipids?

A

fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids.

83
Q

What is the monomer of lipids?

A

Triglycerides

84
Q

What is the structure of triglycerides?

A

3 fatty acid tails and 1 glycerol head.

85
Q

What is meant by saturated fat?

A

no double bonds (all hydrogens)

86
Q

What is meant by unsaturated fat?

A

has double bonds ( missing hydrogens)

87
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids?

A

2 fatty acid tails, phosphate group, glycerol head

88
Q

What is the structure of a steroid?

A

4 rings of carbon atoms

89
Q

What is the steroid that is a precursor of all other steroids?

A

cholesterols

90
Q

What is the monomer for proteins?

A

amino acids

91
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

carbon bonded to a single hydrogen , amine group , acid group , “r” group

92
Q

How many different amino acids exist?

93
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

sequence/chain of amino acids

94
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

polypeptide coils/folds in particular fashion

95
Q

Give examples of two basic forms of secondary proteins.

A

helix and pleated sheet

96
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

3D shape from folding and twisting

97
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein? What is their shape?

A

2 or more tertiary proteins working together

98
Q

What are two things that denature proteins?

A

heat and pH

99
Q

What are enzymes?

A

proteins that act as catalysts

100
Q

What is the monomer for nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

101
Q

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate molecule ; pentose sugar ; nitrogen base

102
Q

Give 3 examples of nucleic acids.

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

103
Q

What are the characteristics of DNA?

A

Sugar is deoxyribose, double stranded, 4 nitrogen bases (cytosine, thymine, guanine, adenine)

104
Q

What are the characteristics of RNA?

A

Sugar is ribose, single stranded, 4 nitrogen bases (cytosine, uracil, guanine, adenine)

105
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

Sugar is ribose, 1 base (adenine), 3 phosphate groups

Bio 103 (1 decks)

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