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BMS 308 > Lecture exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

Study of structure of body parts and their relation to another

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2
Q

physiology

A

the function of body parts

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3
Q

regional anatomy

A

specific regions and how the different systems work together in that region (cell tissue organ)

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4
Q

systemic anatomy

A

focuses on anatomy of different organ systems

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5
Q

characteristics of life

A

organization, homeostasis, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, reproduction

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6
Q

why are red blood cells concave?

A

to maximize the amount of hemoglobin that it can hold

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7
Q

metabolism

A

anabolism + catabolism

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8
Q

stimulus

A

a signal to which an organism responds

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9
Q

4 main levels of organization in the body

A

cells, tissues, organs, systems

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10
Q

how many cells

A

over 200 different types

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11
Q

how many organs

A

78-315

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12
Q

tissues

A

group of similar cells that share common function

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13
Q

organ

A

two or more tissues working together

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14
Q

nervous tissue

A

transmit signals for communication

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15
Q

muscle cells

A

specialized to contract; can be voluntary or involuntary

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16
Q

epithelial cells

A

line the body and hollow organs and vessel

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17
Q

avascular

A

no blood vessels

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18
Q

exocrine glands

A

have ducts and secrete to epithelium surface
ex: sweat and salivary

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19
Q

endocrine glands

A

no ducts; hormone released into blood
ex: pituitary and adrenal

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20
Q

connective tissue

A

anchors and links structures to body

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21
Q

endocrine system

A

provides communication between cells of the body through the release of hormones into the bloodstream

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22
Q

nervous system

A

provides communication between cells of the body through electrical signals and the release of neurotransmitters into small gaps between certain cells

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23
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

supports the body; allow voluntary movement of the body; allow facial expressions

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24
Q

cardiovascular system

A

transports molecules throughout the body into the bloodstream

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25
respiratory system
brings oxygen into the body and eliminates carbon dioxide from the body
26
urinary system
filter the blood to regulate acidity, blood volume, and ion concentrations; eliminates wastes
27
digestive system
breaks down food and absorbs it into the body
28
reproductive system
generates offspring
29
immune system
defends body against pathogens and abnormal cells
30
integumentary system
protects the body from external environment
31
lymphatic system
returns leaked fluids to blood vessels; also helps you get rid of germs that can harm you
32
sensor
detects changes and sends signals to the control center
33
control center
sets the range of values within which a variable should be maintained
34
effector
responds to signals from the control center to effect change in a variable
35
postive feedback
reinforces change; increase variable
36
negative feedback
counteracts stimulus; decrease variable
37
endergonic reactions
products have higher energy that reactants: requires energy input to build materials
38
exergonic reactions
reactants have higher energy than products: releases energy when materials break down
39
anabolic pathways
consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
40
dehydration synthesis
anabolic reaction in which two monomers are linked by a covalent bond and a water molecule is formed (endergonic)
41
hydrolysis
catabolic reaction in which the covalent bond linking the monomers is broken by the addition of water molecule atoms (exergonic)
42
catabolic pathways
releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into singular compounds
43
properties of water
cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing/water has phase changes, versatility as a solvent
44
hydration shell
when an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules
45
acid
increases H+ of a solution
46
base
decrease H+ of a solution
47
inorganic compounds
usually don't contain carbon, generally don't come from earth, generally simple molecules ex: water
48
organic compounds
always contain C & H and usually O, N, sometimes S, P, originate in organisms, generally complex molecules ex: proteins
49
reactants
substances that enter into a reaction
50
intermediates
substances formed in the middle of a reaction
51
products
end results of a reaction
52
monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
53
disaccharides
maltose, sucrose, lactose
54
polysaccarides
starch, glycogen, cellulose
55
glycogen is stored in
liver, muscles, brain, uterus
56
amphiphilic
polar and nonpolar group
57
purines
double ringed; A & G
58
pyrimidines
single ringed; C, U, & T
59
how big are cells
40 micrometers
60
transmission electron microscope
used to study the internal structure of cells
61
microfilaments
forms terminal web protein = actin
62
intermediate filaments
gives cell shape protein depends on tissues
63
microtubules
hold organelles in place protein = tubulin
64
genetic flow of information
DNA - RNA - Protein
65
tight junctions
membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
66
desmosomes
fasten cells together into strong sheets; intermediate filaments anchor from center of the cell
67
gap junctions
provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells for electrical or chemical signaling
68
primary active transport
membrane protein uses ATP energy directly to pump against concentration gradient
69
secondary active transport
membrane protein uses concentration gradient energy created by a different ATP dependent pump
70
vesicular transport
membrane vesicles bud off membrane to transport molecules wholesale
71
endocytosis
cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane
72
exocytosis
transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell
73
kinetic energy
associated with motion
74
thermal energy
kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules
75
heat
thermal energy in transfer between objects
76
potential energy
energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
77
chemical energy
potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
78
chemical work
pushing endergonic reactions; synthesis of polymers
79
transport work
pumping substances against the direction of spontaneous movement; against a concentration gradient
80
mechanical work
such as contraction of muscle cells
81
redox reaction
chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants
82
oxidation
a substance loses electrons or is oxidized
83
reduction
a substance gains electrons or is reduced
84
reducing agent
electron donor
85
oxidizing agent
electron receptor
86
endocrine signaling
cells/glands release hormones that act of distant target cells in the body via blood vessels
87
paracrine signaling
form of signaling or cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells
88
autocrine signaling
subclass of paracrine signaling for self-cells; binds to cell-surface receptors on the same cell that produced it
89
juxtacrine signaling
contact of surface molecules in neighboring cells

BMS 308 (2 decks)

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