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Anatomy 3010 > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

ipsilateral means:

A

same side

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2
Q

flexion/extension occurs in the ________ plane

A

sagittal

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3
Q

adduction/abduction occurs in the ________ plane

A

frontal

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4
Q

true or false: pronation is the movement of cupping your hand.

A

false, that’s supination.

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5
Q

osteoporosis is a decrease in what?

A

bone density/trabeculae

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6
Q

an action =

A

joint + movement (i.e., wrist + extension)

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7
Q

an articulation is where two _______ meet

A

bones

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8
Q

ligaments connect ________ to ________

A

bone to bone

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9
Q

tendons connect ________ to ________

A

bone to muscle

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10
Q

a fibrous joint, like a skull suture, has ______ mobility and ______ stability

A

low, high

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11
Q

close insertion point of a muscle to a bone’s axis of rotation = _______ force production and _______ range or motion

A

low, high

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12
Q

what muscle(s) is/are striated?

a.) skeletal
b.) smooth
c.) cardiac

A

skeletal and cardiac

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13
Q

which muscle(s) is/are voluntary?

a.) skeletal
b.) smooth
c.) cardiac

A

skeletal

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14
Q

what are the three (main) planes of the body?

A

sagittal, frontal, transverse (and oblique)

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15
Q

the endomysium surrounds:

A

a singular muscle fiber

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16
Q

the perimysium surrounds:

A

a single muscle fascicle (fascicle = bundle of muscle fibers)

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17
Q

the epimysium surrounds:

A

the entire muscle (all the fascicles)

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18
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

an alpha motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates

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19
Q

in concentric contraction, the muscle lengthens or shortens as it contracts?

A

shortens

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20
Q

in eccentric contraction, the muscle lengthens or shortens as it contracts?

A

lengthens

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21
Q

in isometric contraction, the muscle lengthens or shortens as it contracts?

A

neither, it does not change length

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22
Q

the central nervous system is made up the:

A

brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

CNS functions:

A

integrates info received by PNS & sends out motor responses

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24
Q

PNS functions:

A

provides feedback to CNS & innervates muscle/organs

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25
Q

myelin is produced by ____________ in the CNS and _____________ in the PNS

A

oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

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26
Q

gray matter contains ________ and white matter contains _________

A

nerve cell bodies, nerve cell axons

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27
Q

what are the layers surrounding parts of the nerve? (there are 3)

A

epineurium (whole nerve), perineurium (nerve fascicle), endoneurium (single nerve fiber)

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28
Q

where are there two different layers of dura mater in the body? what are they?

A
  • surrounding the brain
  • periosteal and meningeal (superficial to deep)
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29
Q

thinnest to thickest, what are the meningeal layers?

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

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30
Q

in what meningeal space can you find CSF?

A

subarachnoid space

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31
Q

the dorsal column transmits __________ in what direction?

A
  • light touch/pressure
  • ascending/towards the brain
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32
Q

the spinothalamic tract transmits __________ in what direction?

A
  • temperature and pain
  • ascending/towards the brain
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33
Q

the corticospinal tract transmits __________ in what direction?

A
  • voluntary motor movement
  • descending/towards the muscles
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34
Q

how do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve signals travel up and down?

A

sympathetic trunks

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35
Q

steps of the reflex arc?

A
  1. receptor
  2. afferent (sensory) neuron
  3. integration center
  4. efferent (motor) neuron
  5. effector organ (muscle)
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36
Q

how does blood get from arteries to veins?

A

artery to arteriole to capillary bed to venule to vein

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37
Q

what artery pumps blood from the heart to the lungs? which vein pumps blood from the lungs to the heart?

A
  • pulmonary
  • pulmonary
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38
Q

an artery has a bigger ________ ________ than a vein

A

tunica media

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39
Q

what are the layers of a blood vessel?

A
  • tunica adventitia
  • tunica media
  • tunica intima
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40
Q

what structure in veins prevent backflow of blood?

A

one-way valves

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41
Q

do veins withstand higher or lower pressure than arteries?

A

lower

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42
Q

what are the main functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • LYMPH SYSTEM = FILTER
  • tissue drainage
  • transport of lipids
  • body defense (immune system transport and response)
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43
Q

what part(s) of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

the upper right quadrant of the body

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44
Q

what part(s) of the body does the thoracic duct drain?

A

everything except the upper right quadrant of the body

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45
Q

what are the four types of tissue?

A

epithelial, nervous, connective, muscle

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46
Q

how thick are: simple epithelial cells? stratified epithelial cells?

A
  • 1 cell thick
  • 2+ cells thick
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47
Q

what shapes do epithelial cells take?

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
    (and pseudostratified)
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48
Q

which cells more likely to allow for nutrient exchange and reabsorption, simple or stratified?

A

simple, function follows form (they’re one cell thick, much easier to exchange things this way)

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49
Q

two layers of the dermis?

A

papillary and reticular

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50
Q

what type of tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis made of? what about the reticular layer?

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • dense irregular connective tissue
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51
Q

what layer of the skin contains melanocytes?

A

stratum basale

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52
Q

in dense regular connective tissue, the fibers all go in what direction?

A

parallel to each other

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53
Q

dense irregular connective tissue is strong in what direction? what about dense regular?

A
  • all directions
  • only in the direction parallel to its fibers
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54
Q

what are the three types of loose tissue?

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

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55
Q

is areolar tissue strong, flexible, or both? why?

A

both, it has a mixture of collagen and elastic fibers (it also has fibroblasts and ground substance, but the elastin and collagen are what make it both strong and flexible)

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56
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

57
Q

what type of cartilage is found in your ear?

A

elastic cartilage

58
Q

elastic cartilage has a lot of:

A

elastic fibers! and chondrocytes

59
Q

which type of cartilage is both stable and flexible? where can we find it?

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • between all joints in the body (you want your joints stable and flexy)
60
Q

fibrocartilage has a lot of:

A

collagen fibers

61
Q

compact bone is _________ to spongy bone

A

superficial

62
Q

what type of lamellae is found in an osteon?

A

concentric

63
Q

central canal = ___________ canal

A

Haversian

64
Q

perforating canal = ____________ canal

A

Volkmann’s

65
Q

what are the components of peripheral blood? in what percentages are they present?

A
  • plasma ~55%
  • RBC/erythrocytes ~45%
  • WBC/leukocytes >1%
  • platelets/thrombocytes >1%
66
Q

what are the agranular leukocytes?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

67
Q

neutrophil function

A

phagocytosis of bacteria

68
Q

lymphocyte function

A

immune response (B & T lymphocytes)

69
Q

monocyte function

A

phagocytosis (“garbage trucks”)

70
Q

eosinophil function

A

kills parasitic worms

71
Q

basophil function

A

releases histamine and heparin (inflammation immune response)

72
Q

thrombocytes are produced by:

A

megakaryocytes

73
Q

the neurocranium protects the:

A

brain

74
Q

what are the three major fossa of the skull? (as in where the brain sits)

A

anterior, middle, posterior

75
Q

what suture separates the temporal and parietal bones?

A

squamous suture

76
Q

the skullcap is as known as the:

A

calvaria

77
Q

the facial skull bones make up the:

A

viscerocranium

78
Q

point to your glabella, then flip the card

A

if you’re pointing to between your eyebrows, good job :)

79
Q

the medial and lateral pterygoid processes are part of what bone?

A

sphenoid bone

80
Q

what passes through the superior orbital fissure?

A
  • CN III, oculomotor n.
  • CN IV, trochlear n.
  • CN VI, abducens n.
  • CN V1, ophthalmic branch of trigeminal n.
81
Q

what passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

CN V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal n.

82
Q

what passes through the foramen ovale?

A

CN V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal n.

83
Q

what passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

middle meningeal artery

84
Q

what passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A
  • CN VII, facial n.
  • CN VIII, vestibulocochlear n.
85
Q

what passes through the jugular foramen?

A
  • CN IX, glossopharyngeal n.
  • CN X, vagus n.
  • CN XI, accessory n.
  • internal jugular vein
86
Q

what hole/opening does CN XII, hypoglossal n., pass through?

A

hypoglossal canal

87
Q

the perpendicular plate is part of what bone?

A

ethmoid bone

88
Q

the nasal septum is made up of what two bones?

A

vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

89
Q

the hard palate is made up of what bones?

A

palatine and maxilla

90
Q

what seven bones make up the orbit of the eye?

A
  • ethmoid
  • maxilla
  • lacrimal
  • sphenoid
  • frontal
  • palatine
  • zygomatic
91
Q

what are the five types of skull fractures?

A
  • linear
  • basilar
  • depressed
  • comminuted
  • pterion
92
Q

what are the five layers of the scalp?

A
  • skin
  • connective tissue
  • epicranial aponeurosis
  • loose connective tissue
  • pericranium
93
Q

what makes up the leptomeninx?

A

arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, and pia mater

94
Q

_________ ________ drain CSF from the subarachnoid space of the brain into the _______ _______ _______

A
  • arachnoid villi/granulations
  • dural venous sinus
95
Q

the external carotid artery branches into the:

A

middle meningeal artery

96
Q

the falx cerebri separates:

A

the two hemispheres of the brain

97
Q

what divides the the left and right cerebellum?

A

falx cerebelli

98
Q

what does the tentorium cerebelli separate?

A

the cerebellum and the hemispheres of the brain

99
Q

what are the functions of the nose?

A
  • olfaction (smelling)
  • respiration (breathing)
  • filtration
  • humidification (moistens air for internal pathways)
  • reception and elimination of secretions
100
Q

what part of the nose is dedicated to smelling?

A

the superior 1/3

101
Q

what are the four sinuses? which one is the most commonly infected?

A
  • frontal
  • ethmoidal
  • sphenoidal
  • maxillary (this one)
102
Q

is the facial nerve sensory, motor, or both? what does it do?

A

both; facial expression and anterior 2/3rds taste

103
Q

is the oculomotor nerve sensory, motor, or both?

A

motor

104
Q

is the accessory nerve motor, sensory, or both?

A

motor

105
Q

what is the integration center for the pupillary light reflex?

A

midbrain

106
Q

what muscle constricts the pupil?

A

the iris/sphincter pupillae m.

107
Q

what muscles does CN XI innervate?

A

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

108
Q

what are the types of papillae found on the tongue?

A
  • fungiform
  • filiform
  • foliate
  • circumferential vallate
109
Q

what is the relay center for the brain?

A

the thalamus

110
Q

what does the parietal lobe interpret?

A

somatosensory info from skin and organs

111
Q

what structure connects the hypophysis to the brain?

A

the infundibulum

112
Q

is the neurohypophysis or the adenohypophysis actually attached to the brain?

A

the neurohypophysis (neuro = brain!)

113
Q

cerebellum function

A
  • coordinated movements
  • balance/equilibrium
  • motor learning
114
Q

how many cranial nerves come off of the brain stem?

A

9

115
Q

which cranial nerves come off of the:
- midbrain?
- pons?
- medulla?

A
  • CN III, IV
  • CN V, VI, VII
  • CN VIII, IX, X, XII
116
Q

where does CN XI come off of?

A

the spinal cord (CN XI is aka spinal accessory n.)

117
Q

what type of cell produces CSF in the choroid plexus?

A

ependymal cells

118
Q

what connects the lateral and third ventricles?

A

interventricular foramen

119
Q

what are the two pathways for blood to get the Circle of Willis?

A

1) transverse aorta, common carotid a., internal carotid a., Circle of Willis (anteriorly)

2) transverse aorta, subclavian a., vertebral a., basilar a., Circle of Willis (posteriorly)

120
Q

how does the superior sagittal sinus drain into the internal jugular vein? (pathway)

A

superior sag. sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, int. jugular vein

121
Q

how does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into the internal jugular vein?

A

inferior sag. sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, int. jugular vein

122
Q

how does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into the internal jugular vein?

A

inferior sag. sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, int. jugular vein

123
Q

where does the eustachian tube “drain?”

A

the nasal cavity

124
Q

this is just a note: info on the limbic system is on slide 80 of lecture four.

A

jesubori should definitely read it.

125
Q

what are the four muscles of mastication?

A
  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • lateral pterygoid
  • medial pterygoid
126
Q

what are the three layers of the eye?

A
  • fibrous tunic (sclera, cornea)
  • vascular tunic (iris, choroid, ciliary bodies)
  • retina (photoreceptors)
127
Q

another fyi card:

A

masseter and medial pterygoid do the same motions: elevation & protrusion

128
Q

what are the movements done by the temporalis?

A

elevation and retraction

129
Q

what are the movements done by the lateral pterygoid?

A

protrusion and depression

130
Q

what are the ligaments of the jaw?

A

lateral, sphenomandibular, stylomandibular

131
Q

what are the three salivary glands?

A

parotid (innervated by CN IX parasympathetically), submandibular, sublingual

132
Q

what is the make up of saliva?

A
  • 99% water
  • 1% enzymes, proteins, electrolytes (K+/Na+)
133
Q

eyelid parts/components

A

external covering: skin
internal covering: thin membrane called palpebral conjuctiva

134
Q

what are tarsal plates?

A
  • dense bands of connective tissue
  • they support the eyelids
  • they have tarsal glands that secrete lipids that lubricate the eyelid and fluid that prevents lacrimal fluid from crossing under normal conditions
135
Q

what structure do tears drain into the nasal cavity through?

A

through the nasolacrimal duct

136
Q

where is aqueous humor produced?

A

ciliary bodies

137
Q

where is vitreous humor produced?

A

ciliary bodies

138
Q

the iris changes the size of the _______ and the ___________________ change the size of the lens

A

pupil; suspensory ligaments/zonular fibers

139
Q

what are pars plana? pars plicata?

A
  • flat portion of ciliary body
  • fingerlike projections that attach ciliary bodies to sus. ligaments and produce aqueous humor

Anatomy 3010 (1 decks)

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