Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
ipsilateral means:
same side
flexion/extension occurs in the ________ plane
sagittal
adduction/abduction occurs in the ________ plane
frontal
true or false: pronation is the movement of cupping your hand.
false, that’s supination.
osteoporosis is a decrease in what?
bone density/trabeculae
an action =
joint + movement (i.e., wrist + extension)
an articulation is where two _______ meet
bones
ligaments connect ________ to ________
bone to bone
tendons connect ________ to ________
bone to muscle
a fibrous joint, like a skull suture, has ______ mobility and ______ stability
low, high
close insertion point of a muscle to a bone’s axis of rotation = _______ force production and _______ range or motion
low, high
what muscle(s) is/are striated?
a.) skeletal
b.) smooth
c.) cardiac
skeletal and cardiac
which muscle(s) is/are voluntary?
a.) skeletal
b.) smooth
c.) cardiac
skeletal
what are the three (main) planes of the body?
sagittal, frontal, transverse (and oblique)
the endomysium surrounds:
a singular muscle fiber
the perimysium surrounds:
a single muscle fascicle (fascicle = bundle of muscle fibers)
the epimysium surrounds:
the entire muscle (all the fascicles)
what is a motor unit?
an alpha motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates
in concentric contraction, the muscle lengthens or shortens as it contracts?
shortens
in eccentric contraction, the muscle lengthens or shortens as it contracts?
lengthens
in isometric contraction, the muscle lengthens or shortens as it contracts?
neither, it does not change length
the central nervous system is made up the:
brain and spinal cord
CNS functions:
integrates info received by PNS & sends out motor responses
PNS functions:
provides feedback to CNS & innervates muscle/organs
myelin is produced by ____________ in the CNS and _____________ in the PNS
oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells
gray matter contains ________ and white matter contains _________
nerve cell bodies, nerve cell axons
what are the layers surrounding parts of the nerve? (there are 3)
epineurium (whole nerve), perineurium (nerve fascicle), endoneurium (single nerve fiber)
where are there two different layers of dura mater in the body? what are they?
- surrounding the brain
- periosteal and meningeal (superficial to deep)
thinnest to thickest, what are the meningeal layers?
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
in what meningeal space can you find CSF?
subarachnoid space
the dorsal column transmits __________ in what direction?
- light touch/pressure
- ascending/towards the brain
the spinothalamic tract transmits __________ in what direction?
- temperature and pain
- ascending/towards the brain
the corticospinal tract transmits __________ in what direction?
- voluntary motor movement
- descending/towards the muscles
how do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve signals travel up and down?
sympathetic trunks
steps of the reflex arc?
- receptor
- afferent (sensory) neuron
- integration center
- efferent (motor) neuron
- effector organ (muscle)
how does blood get from arteries to veins?
artery to arteriole to capillary bed to venule to vein
what artery pumps blood from the heart to the lungs? which vein pumps blood from the lungs to the heart?
- pulmonary
- pulmonary
an artery has a bigger ________ ________ than a vein
tunica media
what are the layers of a blood vessel?
- tunica adventitia
- tunica media
- tunica intima
what structure in veins prevent backflow of blood?
one-way valves
do veins withstand higher or lower pressure than arteries?
lower
what are the main functions of the lymphatic system?
- LYMPH SYSTEM = FILTER
- tissue drainage
- transport of lipids
- body defense (immune system transport and response)
what part(s) of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain?
the upper right quadrant of the body
what part(s) of the body does the thoracic duct drain?
everything except the upper right quadrant of the body
what are the four types of tissue?
epithelial, nervous, connective, muscle
how thick are: simple epithelial cells? stratified epithelial cells?
- 1 cell thick
- 2+ cells thick
what shapes do epithelial cells take?
- squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar
(and pseudostratified)
which cells more likely to allow for nutrient exchange and reabsorption, simple or stratified?
simple, function follows form (they’re one cell thick, much easier to exchange things this way)
two layers of the dermis?
papillary and reticular
what type of tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis made of? what about the reticular layer?
- loose connective tissue
- dense irregular connective tissue
what layer of the skin contains melanocytes?
stratum basale
in dense regular connective tissue, the fibers all go in what direction?
parallel to each other
dense irregular connective tissue is strong in what direction? what about dense regular?
- all directions
- only in the direction parallel to its fibers
what are the three types of loose tissue?
areolar, adipose, reticular
is areolar tissue strong, flexible, or both? why?
both, it has a mixture of collagen and elastic fibers (it also has fibroblasts and ground substance, but the elastin and collagen are what make it both strong and flexible)
what are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
what type of cartilage is found in your ear?
elastic cartilage
elastic cartilage has a lot of:
elastic fibers! and chondrocytes
which type of cartilage is both stable and flexible? where can we find it?
- hyaline cartilage
- between all joints in the body (you want your joints stable and flexy)
fibrocartilage has a lot of:
collagen fibers
compact bone is _________ to spongy bone
superficial
what type of lamellae is found in an osteon?
concentric
central canal = ___________ canal
Haversian
perforating canal = ____________ canal
Volkmann’s
what are the components of peripheral blood? in what percentages are they present?
- plasma ~55%
- RBC/erythrocytes ~45%
- WBC/leukocytes >1%
- platelets/thrombocytes >1%
what are the agranular leukocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes
neutrophil function
phagocytosis of bacteria
lymphocyte function
immune response (B & T lymphocytes)
monocyte function
phagocytosis (“garbage trucks”)
eosinophil function
kills parasitic worms
basophil function
releases histamine and heparin (inflammation immune response)
thrombocytes are produced by:
megakaryocytes
the neurocranium protects the:
brain
what are the three major fossa of the skull? (as in where the brain sits)
anterior, middle, posterior
what suture separates the temporal and parietal bones?
squamous suture
the skullcap is as known as the:
calvaria
the facial skull bones make up the:
viscerocranium
point to your glabella, then flip the card
if you’re pointing to between your eyebrows, good job :)
the medial and lateral pterygoid processes are part of what bone?
sphenoid bone
what passes through the superior orbital fissure?
- CN III, oculomotor n.
- CN IV, trochlear n.
- CN VI, abducens n.
- CN V1, ophthalmic branch of trigeminal n.
what passes through the foramen rotundum?
CN V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal n.
what passes through the foramen ovale?
CN V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal n.
what passes through the foramen spinosum?
middle meningeal artery
what passes through the internal acoustic meatus?
- CN VII, facial n.
- CN VIII, vestibulocochlear n.
what passes through the jugular foramen?
- CN IX, glossopharyngeal n.
- CN X, vagus n.
- CN XI, accessory n.
- internal jugular vein
what hole/opening does CN XII, hypoglossal n., pass through?
hypoglossal canal
the perpendicular plate is part of what bone?
ethmoid bone
the nasal septum is made up of what two bones?
vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
the hard palate is made up of what bones?
palatine and maxilla
what seven bones make up the orbit of the eye?
- ethmoid
- maxilla
- lacrimal
- sphenoid
- frontal
- palatine
- zygomatic
what are the five types of skull fractures?
- linear
- basilar
- depressed
- comminuted
- pterion
what are the five layers of the scalp?
- skin
- connective tissue
- epicranial aponeurosis
- loose connective tissue
- pericranium
what makes up the leptomeninx?
arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, and pia mater
_________ ________ drain CSF from the subarachnoid space of the brain into the _______ _______ _______
- arachnoid villi/granulations
- dural venous sinus
the external carotid artery branches into the:
middle meningeal artery
the falx cerebri separates:
the two hemispheres of the brain
what divides the the left and right cerebellum?
falx cerebelli
what does the tentorium cerebelli separate?
the cerebellum and the hemispheres of the brain
what are the functions of the nose?
- olfaction (smelling)
- respiration (breathing)
- filtration
- humidification (moistens air for internal pathways)
- reception and elimination of secretions
what part of the nose is dedicated to smelling?
the superior 1/3
what are the four sinuses? which one is the most commonly infected?
- frontal
- ethmoidal
- sphenoidal
- maxillary (this one)
is the facial nerve sensory, motor, or both? what does it do?
both; facial expression and anterior 2/3rds taste
is the oculomotor nerve sensory, motor, or both?
motor
is the accessory nerve motor, sensory, or both?
motor
what is the integration center for the pupillary light reflex?
midbrain
what muscle constricts the pupil?
the iris/sphincter pupillae m.
what muscles does CN XI innervate?
trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
what are the types of papillae found on the tongue?
- fungiform
- filiform
- foliate
- circumferential vallate
what is the relay center for the brain?
the thalamus
what does the parietal lobe interpret?
somatosensory info from skin and organs
what structure connects the hypophysis to the brain?
the infundibulum
is the neurohypophysis or the adenohypophysis actually attached to the brain?
the neurohypophysis (neuro = brain!)
cerebellum function
- coordinated movements
- balance/equilibrium
- motor learning
how many cranial nerves come off of the brain stem?
9
which cranial nerves come off of the:
- midbrain?
- pons?
- medulla?
- CN III, IV
- CN V, VI, VII
- CN VIII, IX, X, XII
where does CN XI come off of?
the spinal cord (CN XI is aka spinal accessory n.)
what type of cell produces CSF in the choroid plexus?
ependymal cells
what connects the lateral and third ventricles?
interventricular foramen
what are the two pathways for blood to get the Circle of Willis?
1) transverse aorta, common carotid a., internal carotid a., Circle of Willis (anteriorly)
2) transverse aorta, subclavian a., vertebral a., basilar a., Circle of Willis (posteriorly)
how does the superior sagittal sinus drain into the internal jugular vein? (pathway)
superior sag. sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, int. jugular vein
how does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into the internal jugular vein?
inferior sag. sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, int. jugular vein
how does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into the internal jugular vein?
inferior sag. sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, int. jugular vein
where does the eustachian tube “drain?”
the nasal cavity
this is just a note: info on the limbic system is on slide 80 of lecture four.
jesubori should definitely read it.
what are the four muscles of mastication?
- temporalis
- masseter
- lateral pterygoid
- medial pterygoid
what are the three layers of the eye?
- fibrous tunic (sclera, cornea)
- vascular tunic (iris, choroid, ciliary bodies)
- retina (photoreceptors)
another fyi card:
masseter and medial pterygoid do the same motions: elevation & protrusion
what are the movements done by the temporalis?
elevation and retraction
what are the movements done by the lateral pterygoid?
protrusion and depression
what are the ligaments of the jaw?
lateral, sphenomandibular, stylomandibular
what are the three salivary glands?
parotid (innervated by CN IX parasympathetically), submandibular, sublingual
what is the make up of saliva?
- 99% water
- 1% enzymes, proteins, electrolytes (K+/Na+)
eyelid parts/components
external covering: skin
internal covering: thin membrane called palpebral conjuctiva
what are tarsal plates?
- dense bands of connective tissue
- they support the eyelids
- they have tarsal glands that secrete lipids that lubricate the eyelid and fluid that prevents lacrimal fluid from crossing under normal conditions
what structure do tears drain into the nasal cavity through?
through the nasolacrimal duct
where is aqueous humor produced?
ciliary bodies
where is vitreous humor produced?
ciliary bodies
the iris changes the size of the _______ and the ___________________ change the size of the lens
pupil; suspensory ligaments/zonular fibers
what are pars plana? pars plicata?
- flat portion of ciliary body
- fingerlike projections that attach ciliary bodies to sus. ligaments and produce aqueous humor
