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A&P II > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Five special senses

A

Olfaction
Gustation
Vision
Equilibrium
Hearing

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2
Q

Function of olfactory glands/bowman’s glands

A

Their secretions absorb water and produced a form of thick, pigmented mucus that covers the olfactory epithelium

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3
Q

Process of olfaction

A

Odorant binds the olfactory cilium
Olfactory reception occurs on the surfaces of the olfactory cilia as dissolved chemicals(odorant-binding proteins) interact with modified neuronal receptors on the membrane surface of the cilium

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4
Q

Where are gustatory receptors located

A

Taste bud’s taste hairs on tongue

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5
Q

Three types of lingual papillae

A

Filiform papilla: no taste buds
Fungiform papillae: 5 taste buds
Circumvallate papillae: 100 taste buds

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6
Q

What two cranial nerves monitor the taste bud

A

FACIAL (VII)
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (IX)

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7
Q

4 primary taste sensations

A

Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter

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8
Q

Purpose of eyelids or palpebrae

A

Cover and protect the eye

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9
Q

How are the margins of the eyelids connected

A

Medial canthus
Lateral canthus

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10
Q

What contains glands that produce thick gritty secretions appearing after a good nights sleep

A

Medial canthus

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11
Q

What is the conjunctiva

A

Mucus covering or lining the inner surfaces of the eyelids and also covering the sclera, the anterior surface of the eye.
Palpebral conjunctiva

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12
Q

Cornea

A

The transparent portion of the outer fibrous layer of the eye.

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13
Q

Iris

A

Pigmented portion of the eye

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14
Q

Pupil

A

Central opening in the eye through with light passes

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15
Q

Ciliary body is made out of the

A

Ciliary muscle: smooth muscular ring and suspensory ligaments that controls shape of the lens.

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16
Q

Where is the fovea centralis

A

Center of macula lutea, this area of the retina contains only cones.

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17
Q

What part of the retina is the optic disc

A

Disc is where the optic nerve attaches to the retina. Has no photoreceptors. Light goes unnoticed, blind spot.

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18
Q

Posterior cavity of the eye contains

A

Contains the gelatinous vitreous body that stabilizes shape of eye and supports retina.

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19
Q

Aqueous humor pathway through the anterior chamber

A

After filtering through a network of connective tissues located near the base of the iris, aqueous humor enters the canal of Schlemm (SVS) that drains aqueous humor back to the venous system, servicing the eye.

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20
Q

3 types of cones

A

Blue
Green
Red

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21
Q

Structure of external ear

A

Auricle or pinna

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22
Q

External auditory canal

A

Passageway that ends at the tympanic membrane, also called the tympanum or eardrum.

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23
Q

The auditory ossicles connect the tympanic membrane to the

A

Oval window

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24
Q

Receptors in the ___ provide senses of equilibrium and hearing

A

Inner ear

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25
Q

The basic receptor of the inner ear

A

Hair cells

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26
Q

Where are the hair cells of the utricle and saccule found

A

Maculae

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27
Q

Each semicircular duct contains an

A

Ampullae

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28
Q

The cochlear duct sits on the

A

Basilar membrane

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29
Q

Hearing process 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

A

1) movement of tympanic membrane moves malleus.
2) movement of the malleus moved the incus and stapes.
3) movement of stapes at oval window creates pressure waves in the perilymph of vestibular duct.
4) pressure waves distort basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the tympanic duct
5) information of region and intensity of stimulation, through the displacement of stereocilia, is relayed to CNS over the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII).

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30
Q

3 basic chemical structures

A

Amino acid
Peptide (protein) hormones
Lipid

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31
Q

The hypothalamus deals with

A

The highest/most complex level of endocrine control and responses.

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32
Q

Hypothalamus controls the

A

Anterior pituitary lobe by releasing and inhibiting hormones

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33
Q

Hormones of the Anterior pituitary

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- controls release of glucocorticoids from the Adrenal Cortex

Prolactin
- stimulates production of milk by mammary glands

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34
Q

Hormones in the Posterior pituitary
produced by hypothalamus

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced by Supraoptic nuclei in hypothalamus. Senses changes in blood osmotic pressure.

Oxytocin produced by Paraventricular nuclei in hypothalamus.

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35
Q

Growth hormone pathology: giantism

A

Excessive secretion of GH prior to puberty will cause giantism

36
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Secreted by the anterior pituitary’s pars intermedia. Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin.

37
Q

Function of C cells(Parafollicular cells)

A

C cells produce the hormone calcitonin (CT).

Calcitonin: aids in the regulation of calcium in body fluids, by lowering the blood levels of calcium.

38
Q

Function of parathyroid gland

A

Chief/parathyroid cells will produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), PTH secretion will increase the concentration of Ca+ ions in the blood.

Calcitonin coming from the thyroid cells will lower the concentration of calcium ions in the blood.

PTH and Calcitonin are antagonistic to each other.

39
Q

Inner layer of cortex

A

Zona Reticularis

Produces androgens (steroid hormones) that will be converted into testosterone

40
Q

Middle layer of Cortex

A

Zona Fasciculata

Produces steroid hormones also known as glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol/hydrocortisone) when stimulated by ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

41
Q

Outer layer of Cortex

A

Zona Glomerulosa

Contains mineralocorticoids that make aldosterone: it’s secretion stimulates the conservation of sodium ions and the elimination of potassium, regulating the sodium ion concentration in the blood.

42
Q

The two Catecholamines of the Adrenal Medulla

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

43
Q

Secretory cells in the Pineal Gland

A

Pinealocytes produce melatonin (originating from serotonin)

44
Q

What endocrine and exocrine cells are located in the Pancreas

A

Alpha cells: produce glucagon

Beta cells: produce insulin

45
Q

What is insulin

A

A Pancreatic Peptide Hormone released by beta cells that cause blood sugar levels to fall. When blood glucose levels rise, insulin is released.

Diabetes mellitus: when the pancreas can’t produce insulin.

46
Q

What is Glucagon

A

From alpha cells, causes blood glucose levels to rise. When blood sugar levels fall, glucagon is released to rise levels.

47
Q

What happens when there is low Oxygen

A

EPO stimulates, causing an increase in the production of red blood cells within the bone marrow.

48
Q

What is Renin responsible for

A

The activation of angiotensinogen (hormone of liver) to angiotensin I.
In the lungs, I is then modified it the hormone II by ACE (enzyme of lungs).

49
Q

Hormone produced by Thymus

A

Thymosin makes Tlymphocytes for maintenance of immune system.

50
Q

Intersticial/Leydig cells in the Gonads secrete

A

Testosterone belonging to the androgen family

51
Q

Inhibin

A

Decrease secretion of FSH by negative feedback fashion

52
Q

2nd phase of GAS

A

If a stress lasts longer than a few hours, you’ll enter the resistance phase(dominated by glucocorticoids) of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

53
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • Transporting gases, cells, nutrients, and waste products.
  • Regulating pH and electrolyte concentration of interstitial fluids.
  • Restricting fluid loss
  • Regulating body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heat.
54
Q

Components that constitute blood

A

Formed elements in Plasma

55
Q

What is 60% of the plasma protein

A

Albunin

56
Q

Globulins account for

A

-35-37%
-Antibodies/immunoglobulins: types of plasma proteins important for body defense.
-Attack foreign proteins and pathogens

57
Q

Fibrinogen

A
  • 4%
  • Plasma proteins necessary for blood clotting
58
Q

Plasma - Fibrinogen =

A

Serum

59
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Process of RBC production in the Red Bone Marrow’s Myeloid Tissue

Flat bones: Vertebrae, Sternum, Ribs
Long bones: Femur

60
Q

When would Bone Marrow increase Erythropoiesis or RBS production

A

When oxygen levels in blood decrease. Nothing to do with CO2 levels.

61
Q

What is a Reticulocyte

A

Immature erythrocytes sometimes found in peripheral blood samples

62
Q

Purpose of Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

To regulate red cell production

63
Q

Red blood cells lack

A

Nucleus

64
Q

Main function of Red Blood Cells

A

Carry and distribute oxygen

65
Q

Average life span of a RBC

A

120 days

66
Q

Accounts for 95% of RBC proteins

A

Hemoglobin: binds oxygen molecules

Average in gender
Females: 12-16 g/dl
Males: 14-18 g/dl

67
Q

Each hemoglobin has ____________, each attaching _________

A

4 proteins, four hemes

68
Q

What is Anemia

A

When the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced

69
Q

Pernicious Anemia is when

A

Vitamin B12 (formed in the duodenum) is not obtained from diet

70
Q

Hypovolemic

A

Low blood volumes in a patient

71
Q

Hematocrit

A

The percentage of whole blood occupied by cellular elements. Average for female is 42 (37-47).

72
Q

Fresh blood is usually collected from…

A

Superficial vein

73
Q

What can be used to check efficiency of gas exchange

A

Arterial puncture

74
Q

Blood type is determined by presence or absence of…

A

Specific surface antigens

75
Q

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes contribute to the body’s…

A

Nonspecific defenses

76
Q

Of all Leukocytes which is most abundant

A

Neutrophils: most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation

77
Q

Eosinophils will…

A

Increase during allergic reactions or parasitic infections.

78
Q

Basophils release…

A

Histamine at the site of injury(dilates blood vessels) and heparin(prevents blood from clotting)

79
Q

Hormone responsible for stimulating production of granulocytes

A

G-CSF

80
Q

Megakaryocyte cells become

A

mature megakaryocyte in bone marrow loose cytoplasm and become platelets

81
Q

Coagulation (blood clotting)

A

Involves a complex sequence of steps leading to the conversion of the circulating suspended fibrinogen into the insoluble protein fibrin

82
Q

Adequate amounts of vitamin K must be present for the liver to be able to synthesize

A

Clotting factors: II, VII, IX, X

83
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

Plasminogen will become a plasmid enzyme and then it will begin digesting the fibrin strands, causing erosion of the foundation

84
Q

Embolus

A

A drifting blood clot or an abnormal mass within the bloodstream

85
Q

Embolism

A

Blockage

86
Q

Thrombus

A

Attaches to a vessel wall

87
Q

Plaques

A

Areas in blood vessels where smooth muscle cells store large quantities of lipids (cholesterol build)

A&P II (1 decks)

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