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anat-a 215 > lecture exam 1 > Flashcards

lecture exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides body into left and right

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2
Q

midsagittal plane

A

Divides the body into EQUAL left and right halves

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3
Q

Coronel or frontal plane

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior

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4
Q

Transverse or horizontal plane

A

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

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5
Q

Cephalic region

A

Head

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6
Q

Orbital

A

eye

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7
Q

nasal

A

nose

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8
Q

oral

A

mouth

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9
Q

mental

A

chin

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10
Q

frontal

A

forehead

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11
Q

occipital

A

Back of head

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12
Q

Cervical region

A

neck

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13
Q

thorax/ thoracic region

A

chest to hips

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14
Q

pectoral region

A

chest

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15
Q

mammary region

A

breast

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16
Q

sternal region

A

chest between left and right portions

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17
Q

axillary region

A

armpit

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18
Q

abdominal region

A

inferior to the diaphragm and superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones

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19
Q

pelvic region

A

inferior to the abdominal region, between the hip bones

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20
Q

deltoid region

A

shoulder

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21
Q

brachium region

A

arm shoulder to elbow

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22
Q

antecubital region

A

elbow

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23
Q

antebrachial region

A

forearm (elbow to wrist)

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24
Q

carpal region

A

wrist

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25
Q

palmar

A

palm of hand

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26
Q

dorsum

A

back of hand

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27
Q

Femoral region

A

thigh (hip to knee)

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28
Q

patellar region

A

anterior (front) surface of the knee

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29
Q

popliteal region

A

posterior (back) of the knee

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30
Q

crural region

A

leg from knee to ankle

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31
Q

plantar

A

sole of the foot

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32
Q

dorsum

A

top of the foot

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33
Q

mediastinum

A

body cavity between lungs

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34
Q

pericardial cavity

A

associated with the heart

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35
Q

parietal layer

A

part of a serous membrane that lines the internal surface of body wall

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36
Q

visceral layer

A

part of a serous membrane that covers external surface of organs

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37
Q

serous cavity

A

potential space between parietal and visceral layer

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38
Q

plasma membrane

A

surrounds cell and gives it form

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39
Q

2 components of cytoplasm

A

cytosol and organelles

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40
Q

nucleus

A

contains DNA

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41
Q

structure of plasma membrane

A

double layer of phospholipids with proteins scattered throughout (attatched, embedded, or floating)

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42
Q

cholesterols role in the plasma membrane

A

structural support-cellular bungee cords

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43
Q

role of glycocalyx in cell

A

participates in cell to cell recognition in the cell membrane (glycoproteins)

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44
Q

pros and cons of selective permeability

A

Pros: large bad stuff blocked, small good stuff travels freely, keeps cell structures in, and protection

Cons: protein pumps require energy and some good compounds cannot enter the cell

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45
Q

microvilli

A

Numerous tiny folds in the plasma membrane

Increases surface area of the cell for more efficient absorption through the membrane

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46
Q

Cilia

A

Larger hair-like projection

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47
Q

mitochondria

A

Produces ATP

Contains its own DNA

Presence of mitochondria is an indirect measure of cell activity level

Strictly maternally inherited

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48
Q

ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

Free ribosomes: not attached to any other structure and creates proteins for the cell itself

Attached ribosomes: attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and creates proteins for the plasma membrane or to be exported out of the cell

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49
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of tubules used to transport and synthesize

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50
Q

rough ER

A

Has ribosomes on walls

Synthesizes and distributes proteins

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51
Q

smooth ER

A

Has no ribosomes

Synthesizes lipids (especially steroid hormones)

Detoxifies drugs and alcohol… Lots present and liver and adrenal glands

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52
Q

lysosomes

A

Organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste within the cell

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53
Q

centrioles

A

Pair of rod shaped structures involved in cell division

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54
Q

what structure surrounds the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope

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55
Q

what form is DNA in when the cell is not dividing?

A

Chromatin

(better protection and lower chance for mutation this way)

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56
Q

what types of cells have a nucleolus?

A

Cells that have to do lots of heavy lifting like a motor neurons or muscle cells

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57
Q

function of the nucleolus

A

Synthesizes the parts that form ribosomes

Ribosomal subunits

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58
Q

are sex cells haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

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59
Q

are somatic cells haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

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60
Q

two main phases of the cell cycle

A

Interphase and the mitotic face

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61
Q

what form of DNA exists in prophase

A

DNA is in replicated chromosomes

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62
Q

details of prophase

A

Spindle fibers go from centrioles to chromatids

The nuclear envelope begins to break down

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63
Q

details of metaphase

A

Chromosomes lineup along the center of the cell

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64
Q

Details of anaphase

A

Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere

Sister chromatids are now called single-stranded chromosomes

Single-stranded chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell

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65
Q

Details of telophase

A

Nuclear envelope reforms

Cleavage furrow develops (where is cytoplasm is dividing)

Cytokinesis begins

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66
Q

what happens at the end of mitosis

A

The cell re-enters interphase

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67
Q

meiosis versus mitosis

A

Meiosis is done by sex cells, has two rounds of division, and results in four genetically different haploid daughter cells

Mitosis is done by body cells, has one round of division, and results in two genetically identical diploid daughter cells

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68
Q

replicated double-stranded chromosome

A

Two exact copy sister chromatids connected by a centromere

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69
Q

pair of chromosomes

A

homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes

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70
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

One chromatid from each parent, each codes for the same genetic information

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71
Q

single-stranded chromosome

A

Single chromatid with a centromere

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72
Q

What happens in interphase

A

DNA is replicated!

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73
Q

Prophase I of meiosis

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes grouped together

Crossing over occurs

Nuclear envelope breaks down

74
Q

metaphase I of meiosis

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes line up at equatorial plate

Independent assortment: maternal and paternal chromosomes don’t have to be on the same side of the double line of the cell

75
Q

anaphase I

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

76
Q

telophase I

A

Two new cells are formed, each with 23 individual chromosomes

Each chromosome is still replicated

77
Q

at the end of meiosis I…

A

Cell produces two haploid daughter cells

Daughter cells each have 23 replicated chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids each

Parent cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes but daughter cells have 23 single chromosomes

78
Q

prophase II

A

Replicated chromosomes gather at the center of the cell

** no crossing over

79
Q

metaphase II

A

Replicated chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate

** Single line of chromosomes

80
Q

Anaphase II

A
81
Q

Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell

Ends up with single stranded chromosomes

82
Q

telophase II

A

Up to four new daughter cells form

Each cell has 23 single stranded chromosome

Daughter cells are gametes

83
Q

non-disjunction

A

When the chromatids fail to properly separate during meiosis, creating daughter cells with different numbers of chromosomes

84
Q

histology

A

The microscopic study of tissues

85
Q

a tissue

A

A group of similar cells (in an extra cellular matrix) that performs a common function

86
Q

four kinds of tissues

A

Epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous

87
Q

Characteristics of epithelia

A

Composed almost entirely of cells (very little ECM)

Polarity: has an apical and basal surface

Bound to underlying tissue by a basement membrane

Avascular

High regenerative capacity

88
Q

two main categories of epithelium

A

Simple and stratified

89
Q

cell shapes found in epithelium (3)

A

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

90
Q

characteristics of simple squamous epithelium

A

One layer of flattened cells

Function: diffusion and filtration

Examples: alveoli and lumens of blood vessels

91
Q

characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Single layer of cells about as tall as they are wide, typically rounded

Function: secretion and absorption

Example: kidneys

92
Q

characteristics of simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of tall cells

Function: secretion and absorption

Has a “brush border” of microvilli

Contains goblet cells that secrete mucus for lubrication

93
Q

Characteristics of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Cells are columnar, but irregularly shaped

Some kinds are ciliated

Contains goblet cells

Example: upper respiratory tract

94
Q

main function of stratified epithelia

A

Protection!!

95
Q

Characteristics of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Several layers of flattened cells

Superficial layers of cells are flattened, deeper layers are cuboidal

Keratinized or not keratinized

96
Q

Characteristics of Stratified keratinized squamous epithelium

A

Most superficial layers of cells are dead, full of keratin

Example: epidermis

97
Q

Characteristics of stratified nonkeratinized squamous epithelium

A

Most superficial cells are alive and kept moist

Example: oral cavity and vagina

98
Q

characteristics of transitional epithelium

A

Some cells are binucleated

Withstand the stretching and relaxation of the bladder

Example: most of the urinary tract

99
Q

Function of unicellular glands

A

To secrete mucus

Example: goblet cell

100
Q

function of multicellular glands

A

To secrete materials through a duct

101
Q

Merocrine gland

A

Cell remains intact, secretion passes from the cell

Most glands in the body

No damage is done to the cell during secretion

Example: salivary glands and most sweat glands

102
Q

apocrine glands

A

Top part of the cell is pinched off and that becomes the secretion

The cell repairs itself and remains functional

Example: mammary glands

103
Q

holocrine glands

A

Cells rupture, die, and become the secretion

The whole cell dies and is not repaired

Example: sebaceous glands of the skin

104
Q

characteristics of connective tissue

A

Derived from mesenchyme, embryonic CT

Typically vascular

Consists of cells, proteins fibers, and ground substance

105
Q

what two components make up the extra cellular matrix?

A

Protein fibers and ground substance

106
Q

four types of connective tissue

A

Areolar, adipose, dense irregular, and dense regular

107
Q

characteristics of areolar connective tissue

A

Cells: fibroblast

Very vascular

Function: packing and binding material, especially around organs

Found in subcutaneous layer

108
Q

characteristics of adipose connective tissue

A

Cells: adipocytes (nucleus is pushed to periphery by fat droplet

Function: energy storage, insulation, and protection/support

Example: subcutaneous layer and surrounding organs

109
Q

characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Cells: fibroblasts

Relatively little ground substance

Collagen fibers found in clumps

Highly vascular

Function: strength and support, withstand stresses in multiple directions

Examples: dermis, perichondrium, and periosteum

110
Q

characteristics of dense regular connective tissue

A

Cells: fibroblasts, very little ground substance

Densely packed collagen fibers running parallel

Poor vascularity

Function: strength and support, resist stress applied in one direction

Example: tendons and ligaments

111
Q

three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

112
Q

characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A

Found on joint surfaces, trachea, and the fetal skeleton

Action: support and provides a smooth surface for joint movement

113
Q

characteristics of fibrocartilage

A

Found in intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, and menisci

Function: support and with standing compression

114
Q

characteristics of elastic cartilage

A

Found in external ear

Function: flexibility and strength

115
Q

name of the spaces where osteocytes rest

A

Lacunae

116
Q

periosteum

A

Surrounding bone tissue

117
Q

two kinds of bone tissue

A

Compact and spongy

118
Q

compact bone

A

Outer shell of the bone, totally solid and hardened

119
Q

spongy bone

A

Inner latticework a bone, houses hemopoietic tissue

120
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and smooth or visceral muscle tissue

121
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Cell shape: long and cylindrical

Cells are multi nucleated and the nuclei are at the periphery of the cell

striated

Function: moves the skeleton, stabilize his joints, and produces heat when contracted

122
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue

A

Cell shape: short, cylinder Cole, and bifurcated

Cells have one or two centrally located nuclei

Intercalated discs: specialized cell junctions that transmit nerve impulses through the heart and make sure that all of the muscles contract at the same time

striated

Only found in the heart

123
Q

characteristics of smooth or visceral muscle tissue

A

Cells: spindle-shaped cells

Cells have one centrally located nucleus

No striations

Moves materials through hollow organs

124
Q

integument

A

Skin!

125
Q

Integumentary system

A

Made of the skin, exocrine glands in the skin, hair, and nails

126
Q

main functions of integument (7)

A

Protection, water resistance/preventing water loss, temperature regulation, secretions, vitamin D synthesis, sensory reception, and immune defense

127
Q

what is the most superficial layer of integument?

A

The epidermis

128
Q

characteristics of the epidermal

A

Most to superficial layer

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Avascular

Four or five specific layers, depending on thickness of skin

Contains epidermal ridges: rounded projections that interlock with the dermis

129
Q

characteristics of dermis

A

Layer deep to the epidermidis

Primarily dense irregular connective tissue

Vascular

Contains nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands

Contains dermal papillae: projections to interlock with epidermal ridges of epidermidis

130
Q

characteristics of the subcutaneously

A

Technically not part of the integument, but a layer deep to integument

Made of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue

Stores fat and anchors integument to underlying tissue

131
Q

Four types of cells in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells (Merkel cells), and epidermal dendritic cells (langerhans cells)

132
Q

characteristics of keratinocytes

A

Most numerous – 90%

Found throughout all layers

Produces keratin

Cells undergo mitosis, move through all layers, and our sloughed off at the surface of the skin

133
Q

characteristics of melanocytes

A

About 8%

Found only in the stratum basale

Produces melanin

Regardless of skin color, most people have around the same number of melanocytes… The activity of the cells is what controls the color, not the quantity

134
Q

Characteristics of tactile cells (Merkel Cells)

A

Found in Stratum basale only

Provide the tactile or touch sensation

Connects to nerve endings

135
Q

characteristics of epidermal dendritic cells (langerhans cells)

A

Found in stratum Spinosum

Phagocytize bacteria and foreign debris

Immune cells!

136
Q

The five layers of the epidermis

A

From deep to superficial: stratum basale, stratum Spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

137
Q

characteristics of the stratum basale

A

Single layer of columnar or cuboidal keratinocytes testing on the basement membrane

Keratinocytes constantly dividing mitotically

Also includes some tactile cells and melanocytes

138
Q

characteristics of stratum spinosum

A

Several layers of polygonal shaped keratinocytes

Also contains epidermal dendritic cells

139
Q

characteristics of stratum granulosum

A

3 to 5 layers of granular, flattened keratinocytes

Keratinocytes begin to undergo keratinization here

** only keratinocytes

140
Q

Characteristics of stratum lucidum

A

Only seen in thick skin

2 to 3 layers of pale, flattened, anucleate keratinocytes

Cells not all dead, but almost

141
Q

Characteristics of stratum corneum

A

20 to 30 layers of dead, anucleate keratinocytes

Most superficial cells are completely dead and constantly being slopped off

142
Q

two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary and reticular layer

143
Q

characteristics of the papillary layer of the dermis

A

Most superficial layer, contains dermal papilla that articulate with the epidermal

144
Q

characteristics of the reticular layer of the dermis

A

Deep to the papillary layer, contains secretary portions of sweat glands, oil glands, and hair follicles

145
Q

nails

A

Formed from stratum corneum

Functions: protecting tips of fingers and toes, and helping with grasping object

146
Q

hair

A

Continuously lost and replaced

Functions: protection, heat retention, and sensory reception

Associated with sebaceous glands and arrector pili muscles

147
Q

Two types of exocrine glands found in the integument

A

Sebaceous oil glands and sweat or sudoriferous gland

148
Q

characteristics of sebaceous

A

Holocrine glands
Entire cell ruptures, dies, and becomes secretion

Associated with hair follicles

Secrete sebum

Functions: lubrication and waterproofing, preventing hair from becoming brittle, and to plug up and form zits

149
Q

characteristics of sweat or sudoriferous gland

A

Function: excretion of waste products, specifically sodium Andrea, and releasing perspiration to cool off the

150
Q

osteology

A

The study of bones

151
Q

four components of bone

A

Phone connected tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

152
Q

five functions of the skeletal system

A

Support, protection, body movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis

153
Q

hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells by red bone marrow in some areas of spongy bone

154
Q

Four different bone shape

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones

155
Q

what four components make up a long bone?

A

Diaphysis medullary cavity, epiphyses, and articular cartilage

156
Q

diaphysis

A

The cylindrical shaft of a long bone including the ring of compact bone and the medullary cavity

157
Q

medullary cavity

A

Hollow inside of the diaphysis

158
Q

what lines the medullary cavity?

A

Endosteum: dense irregular connective tissue

159
Q

what is inside of adult medullary cavities?

A

Yellow bone marrow

160
Q

epiphysis

A

The outside layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone at the proximal and distal ends of the bone

161
Q

Periosteum

A

The dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outside of bones

Highly vascular

162
Q

where is the one place where periosteum is not found?

A

Articular surfaces of the bone

163
Q

perforating fibers

A

Protein fibers anchoring periosteum to the bone

Function: protection and growth in width of bone

164
Q

what are the three types of bone cells?

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

165
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Immature bone cells

What is the foundation of bone

Secrete osteoid, a semi solid bone matrix

166
Q

osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

Maintains the bone matrix

167
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Breaks down and re-absorbs existing bone

Formed from red bone marrow cells fused together

168
Q

what are the structural unit of compact bone?

A

Osteons

169
Q

eight components of an osteon

A

Central canal, Concentric lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, perforating canals, interstitial lamellae, and circumferential lamellae

170
Q

Central canal of an osteon

A

The opening at the center of an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves

Runs parallel to diaphysis

171
Q

concentric lamellae of an osteon

A

Concentric rings of bone matrix surrounding the central canal

172
Q

osteocytes within an osteon

A

Mature bone cells, sits between lamellae and maintains bone matrix

173
Q

lacunae of osteons

A

Spaces where osteocytes reside

174
Q

canaliculi of an osteon

A

Tiny channels that radiate from lacunae

Provides exchange of nutrients and waste between central canals and osteocytes

175
Q

perforating canal’s

A

Canals that run perpendicular to the central canals connecting multiple central canals

176
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Lamella not surrounded by a central canal, incomplete remnants of osteons

177
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

Rings of bone that run the entire circumference of the shaft, created by periosteum

178
Q

ossification

A

Formation and growth of bone tissue

179
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

Pre-existing tissue is mesenchyme

Example: flat bones of the skull

180
Q

endochondral ossification

A

Existing tissue is hyaline cartilage

Example: most bones in the body other than the bones of the skull

181
Q

four stages of intramembranous ossification

A

Ossification centers form within second regions of the mesenchyme, osteoid undergoes calcification, woven bone and surrounding periosteum form, and lamellar bone replaces woven bone

anat-a 215 (1 decks)

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