Lecture: Digestive, Renal, Endocrine, Reproductive System Flashcards
Name the two types of digestive systems.
- Intracellular Digestion (in cell)
2. Extracellular Digestion (outside cell)
Name the 4 stages of food processing in order & what they do.
- Ingestion (into organism)
- Digestion (breaks down and makes “building blocks”)
- Absorption (“building blocks” to blood)
- Elimination (anything that coma not be digested)
Which types of organisms have an Intracellular digestion?
•Amoeba -Phagocytize (to get stuff inside cells) -Food vacuole •Parameclum -Covered with cilia -Has oral groove where it pulls good and at the bottom that's where phagocytosis occurs
Describe extracellular digestion.
•It's pouch-like •Food goes through mouth -Pouch -Absorbed in cell -Then back out the mouth
What 2 organisms go through extracellular digestion?
- Cnidarian (aka hydra)
2. Flatworm
Name the way of digestion for flat worms.
- goes into the pouch
- into to pharynx
- breakdown/ building blocks
- waste goes out the pharynx
Name some complex animals and their types of digestion.
- Humans- Tube System
2. Earthworms/ Birds- Crop&Gizzard
What is the difference between the crop and gizzard?
- Crop- Stores
* Gizzard- Grinds
Why do birds and worms have gizzard/crop?
To aid in digestion because they have no teeth. That’s they are seen picking at/eating the dirt.
How does chewing aid in digestion?
By increasing surface area so enzymes could get at it.
Name the 3 places of digestion in order in the human digestive system
- Digestion in mouth
- Digestion in stomach
- Digestion in small intestine
What happens in digestion in the mouth?
- Chewing
2. Salivary amylase
What is/the purpose of salivary amylase?
It’s an enzyme that take the carbohydrates from food and breaks it down to monosaccharides.
Ph in mouth?
7
Is there space is the esophagus?
No it’s collapsed.
What is contained in digestion of stomach?
- Mucus
- Acid
- Pepsin (enzyme)
- Sphincter (bottom one is pinoric sphincter)
What is/purpose of sphincter
- Circular smooth muscles
* One at beginning and end of stomach to keep contents and acid in.
What happens if sphincters are closed?
If closed there are waves of contraction still in stomach
•so everything mixes and hits walk of stomach, making chyme)
Define chime
Fluid in stomach
Pepsin’s optimal Ph & purpose
It’s acidic, so optimal at a Ph of about 2 & breaks down polypeptide chains.
Increase or decrease surface area?
- Increase
* Increase SA=Increase diffusion
Name the parts of digestion in the small intestine and what type of movement it is(define too).
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
•Peristalsis movement (good going through your body)
What does the lining consist of?
Villi and microvilli
What is inside each villis & what is their function?
- Lymph vessels- Picks up extra fluid and fat?
* Blood Capillaries- Pick up monosaccharides and amino acids
Where do ulcers occur?
In the duodenum
Where is and define gastric pit.
- In the lining of the stomach, in the mucosa.
* It secretes mucus on top
Name the 2 cell types in the gastric pit and their function.
- Chief Cells- secrete proteins (pepsin)
* Parietal Cells- release HCL
What does the pancreas secrete? Where does it come from, and function.
- Secretes bicarbonate (HCO3-)
- Comes from plasma.
- Picks up hydrogen ions, so neutralize HCL coming from acid.
Name the 4 enzymes in the pancreas and what they work on/ turn into.
- Trypsin- Works with Proteins➡️AminoAcids
- Chymotrypsin- Works with Proteins➡️AminoAcids
- Lipase- Works on lipids/Fats➡️FattyAcids
- Pancreatic Amylase- Breaks down Carbohydrates➡️ Glucose (monosaccharides)
Which 2 enzymes have the same job from mouth and pancreas?
•Salivary Amylase & Pancreatic Amylase
What happens when large intestine absorbs too much water?
Constipation
What happens when large intestine doesn’t absorb enough water?
Diarrhea
Describe appendix & where would appendicitis occur?
- Is small like pinky finger
* This occurs in lower right quadrant
Human digestion v. cow digestion
- Humans cannot digest cellulose.
* Cows could. They regurgitate, grind, use cellulose energy (chewing their cud)
What 4 systems in humans work together ?
- Digestive
- Circulatory
- Respiratory
- Urinary
Name 2 structures in the liver
- Hepatic Portal Vein
* Gallbladder (which stores bile)
Where does food meet?
Duodenum
How many capillary beds in portal system?
2
Tell the order from portal system & why?
•Hepatic portal vein, Liver (for detoxification), heart, then body.
What happens in large intestine?
- No digestion (only 4% of food absorbed)
* Water absorption (main thing it digests)
What the significance of E-Coli.
We get vitamin K from it which is good for blood clotting.
Way of Feces & what opens
•Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus where sphincters open to allow feces out.
What happens with big droplets in duodenum?
•Big goblets of fat cells decrease SA so Bile is needed to get it ready for Lipase.
•Turn into little droplets (emulsification).
•Ready for use of Lipase
*BILE DOES NOT GET DIGESTED
Define homeostasis.
•Maintaining equilibrium
-where things should be
Function of kidney
To maintain homeostasis with appropriate pH (enzymes) when it comes to K+/Na+
Anatomy of renal system
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
Name the way of Secretion (Filtration)
Peritubular Capillary (blood)➡️Nephron
Name the way of reabsorption.
When the “goodies” from the nephron go to the blood capillary
What happens in the glomerulus?
•Filtration of the blood
-Cells and proteins are retained in capillaries
What is filtered and what is secreted in distal (convoluted) tubule?
- Reabsorbs Na+
* Secretes K+
- Collecting duct with water urine?
* Collecting duct with concentrated?
- H2O not reabsorbed
* H2O reabsorbed (Aldosterone, ADH/AVP)
