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PSY 310 Exam 1 > Lecture Content > Flashcards

Lecture Content Flashcards

1
Q

Epistemology

A

the theory of knowing (through experiencing; tenacity; authority)

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2
Q

List the components of the scientific method

A

Objectivity, Confirmation of Findings, Self Correction, Control, Experiment, Variables

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3
Q

Objectivity

A

using quantifiable measures for observation

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4
Q

confirmation of findings

A

repeating experiments to confirm the original results (repetition adds credibility to the research findings)

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5
Q

self correction

A

public scrutiny; new knowledge changing findings & view of phenomena; (replication!!)

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6
Q

Control

A

controlling & filtering confounding variables

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7
Q

Experiment

A

used to determine cause-and-effect relationships (BUT NOT EVERY STUDY DETERMINES A RELATIONSHIP) (CORRELATION DOES NOT = CAUSATION)

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8
Q

Variables

A

Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Extraneous Variables

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9
Q

Independent Variable

A

the variable that is directly manipulated by the experimenter [THE CAUSE]

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10
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the variable that is being measured [THE EFFECT]

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11
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

these variables are unwanted & can invalidate an experiment because it can influence the dependent variable

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12
Q

11 Steps to Conducting Research

A
  1. Identify a problem or question to study
  2. Review Previous research in the literature
  3. Consider Theoretical Issues
  4. Develop a Hypothesis
  5. Research Design
  6. Conduct the experiment
  7. Analyze Data
  8. Discuss findings and limitations (interpreting the results and stating the IMPLICATIONS of the findings)
  9. Prepare a Research Report of the experiment
  10. Share and publish research report
  11. find a new problem/future questions worth studying
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13
Q

Theories

A

formal statement of the relations among the independent and dependent variables in a given area

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14
Q

Research Hypothesis

A

the experimenters predicted outcome of a research project

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15
Q

A hypothesis should be:

A

testable, should be a synthetic statement (falsifiable), directional or non-directional

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16
Q

Directional vs non directional

A

“gamers will have FASTER reaction times” vs “gamers will have DIFFERENT reaction times”

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17
Q

Experiments vs non experimental methods

A

experiments manipulate an IV and correlation = causation; non-experimental methods are the opposite of this

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18
Q

Non Experimental Methods

A

no manipulation occurring; you can only SPECULATE about cause & effect,

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19
Q

Why not use an experimental method instead of a non-experimental method?

A

For some studies it is unethical to experiment, there can also be logistical issues like monitoring adherence

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20
Q

list the 4 non-experimental methods

A
  1. descriptive methods
  2. correlational studies
  3. ex post facto
  4. survey’s
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21
Q

Descriptive Methods

A

archival studies, observational studies (examples include case studies, naturalist observation, ethnographic inquiry, focus groups, grounded theory, participatory action research)

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22
Q

Case Studies

A

observation of a single individual who is exceptional is some way with like a rate medical disease or something (ex: case of H.M.)

Pros: rarity
cons: results may not be applicable or general enough to other situations

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23
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

The experimenter doesn’t intervene with the behavior being studied

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24
Q

Naturalistic Observations through time vs situational sampling

A

Time Sampling: making observations at different time points (this allows observations to generalize to different times & people)

Situational Sampling: observing the same behavior in several different situations (allows observations to generalize to different contexts & to different people)

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25
Reliability in the context of naturalist observations
Inter-observer Reliability calls for using more than 1 observer. By using more than 1 observer the study is replicated multiple times. This assesses the extent to which multiple observers agree about the observations.
26
ethnographic inquiry
involves studying individuals or groups within their natural contexts to understand their behaviors, beliefs, and social interactions from an insider's perspective
27
Focus Groups
planned discussions led by a moderator designed to gather opinions on a defined topic 
28
Grounded Theories
approach to qualitative research that focuses on building theories
29
Participatory Action Research
empowers individuals and communities by engaging them in identifying problems, developing solutions, and taking action based on the findings
30
Correlational Studies
looks at the relationship between two or more continuous variables; there are 3 possible relationship outcomes: positive, negative, and zero great at finding relationships but not causation
31
Ex post facto
"after the fact" uses a pre-existing independent variable (aka "subject variables")(includes variables that can't be manipulated like gender, SES, traumatic experience)
32
Survey's, Questionnaires, Tests, and Inventories
tools for collecting data - survey's & questionnaires evaluate opinions - tests and inventories assess a specific attribute, ability or characteristic of a particular individual (pain level, personality inventory)
33
Standardization
holding variables constant to minimize their influence
34
3 Types Validity
Content Validity Concurrent Validity Criterion Validity
35
Content Validity
does the test test for what it should be testing
36
Concurrent Validity
does it measure as well as established measures
37
criterion validity
does it have prediction power? evaluates how well one measure predicts or correlates with another established measure of the same construct
38
2 Types Reliability Tests
Test-Retest Split Half Approach
39
Test-Retest
If something gives you the same score time after time after time than it has test-retest reliability.
40
Split Half Approach
measure of the internal reliability of a test or how consistently the items perform within a test How well does performance on the 1st half predict performance on the 2nd half
41
A sample needs to be _______ of the population of interest.
Representative
42
What is the best way to get a representative sample?
Through Random Sampling
43
3 Types of sampling
1. Random Sampling WITHOUT replacement 2. Random Sampling WITH replacement 3. Stratified Random Sampling
44
Random Sampling WITHOUT replacement
individuals are selected randomly from a population, but once an individual is chosen, they cannot be selected again in that sampling process AKA NO COMING BACK AGAIN BIH
45
. Random Sampling WITH replacement
individuals are selected randomly from a population, and after being selected, they are returned to the population. This means they can be chosen again in subsequent selections AKA ROUND TWO?? MAYBEE
46
Stratified Random Sampling
dividing a population into distinct subgroups, or strata, that share similar characteristics. Researchers then randomly select samples from each stratum. This technique ensures that the sample reflects the diversity of the population and allows for more accurate generalizations STRATA WITHIN STRATAS (EX: HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IS ONE STRATA THAT INCLUDES 4 DIFFERENT GRADE GROUPS)
47
Single Strata
looking at a single stratum of the population of interest
48
Cross Sectional
comparison of two or more groups during the same, limited time period
49
Longitudinal
obtaining research data from the same group of individuals (a cohort) over an extended period of time,
50
Variables are defined using _________ definitions.
Operational
51
Operation Definitions
definitions of variables in terms of the operations needed to produce them. definitions need to be clear so that other researchers can replicate the study very well.
52
when an extraneous variable is present, the experiment is _______.
CONFOUNDED
53
Nuisance Variables
unwanted variables that can cause the variability of scores within all groups to increase
54
How to control for confounding variables?
1. Randomization 2. Elimination 3. Constancy 4. Balancing
55
Randomization
distributes extraneous variables equally to all groups
56
Elimination
Removes all extraneous Variables from the experiment
57
Constancy
keep extraneous variables constant
58
balancing
ensures that all participants receive extraneous variable to the same extent
59
Differential carryover
type of carryover effect that occurs in experimental designs, particularly when participants are exposed to multiple conditions or treatments. It happens when the effects of one treatment influence the response to a subsequent treatment in a manner that varies depending on the order of presentation.
59
Counterbalancing
control for potential order effects or carryover effects that can occur when participants are exposed to multiple conditions or treatments. It involves varying the order in which conditions are presented to different

PSY 310 Exam 1 (6 decks)

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