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PSY 310 Exam 1 > Lecture Content > Flashcards

Lecture Content Flashcards

1
Q

Epistemology

A

the theory of knowing (through experiencing; tenacity; authority)

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2
Q

List the components of the scientific method

A

Objectivity, Confirmation of Findings, Self Correction, Control, Experiment, Variables

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3
Q

Objectivity

A

using quantifiable measures for observation

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4
Q

confirmation of findings

A

repeating experiments to confirm the original results (repetition adds credibility to the research findings)

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5
Q

self correction

A

public scrutiny; new knowledge changing findings & view of phenomena; (replication!!)

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6
Q

Control

A

controlling & filtering confounding variables

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7
Q

Experiment

A

used to determine cause-and-effect relationships (BUT NOT EVERY STUDY DETERMINES A RELATIONSHIP) (CORRELATION DOES NOT = CAUSATION)

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8
Q

Variables

A

Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Extraneous Variables

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9
Q

Independent Variable

A

the variable that is directly manipulated by the experimenter [THE CAUSE]

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10
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the variable that is being measured [THE EFFECT]

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11
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

these variables are unwanted & can invalidate an experiment because it can influence the dependent variable

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12
Q

11 Steps to Conducting Research

A
  1. Identify a problem or question to study
  2. Review Previous research in the literature
  3. Consider Theoretical Issues
  4. Develop a Hypothesis
  5. Research Design
  6. Conduct the experiment
  7. Analyze Data
  8. Discuss findings and limitations (interpreting the results and stating the IMPLICATIONS of the findings)
  9. Prepare a Research Report of the experiment
  10. Share and publish research report
  11. find a new problem/future questions worth studying
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13
Q

Theories

A

formal statement of the relations among the independent and dependent variables in a given area

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14
Q

Research Hypothesis

A

the experimenters predicted outcome of a research project

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15
Q

A hypothesis should be:

A

testable, should be a synthetic statement (falsifiable), directional or non-directional

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16
Q

Directional vs non directional

A

“gamers will have FASTER reaction times” vs “gamers will have DIFFERENT reaction times”

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17
Q

Experiments vs non experimental methods

A

experiments manipulate an IV and correlation = causation; non-experimental methods are the opposite of this

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18
Q

Non Experimental Methods

A

no manipulation occurring; you can only SPECULATE about cause & effect,

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19
Q

Why not use an experimental method instead of a non-experimental method?

A

For some studies it is unethical to experiment, there can also be logistical issues like monitoring adherence

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20
Q

list the 4 non-experimental methods

A
  1. descriptive methods
  2. correlational studies
  3. ex post facto
  4. survey’s
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21
Q

Descriptive Methods

A

archival studies, observational studies (examples include case studies, naturalist observation, ethnographic inquiry, focus groups, grounded theory, participatory action research)

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22
Q

Case Studies

A

observation of a single individual who is exceptional is some way with like a rate medical disease or something (ex: case of H.M.)

Pros: rarity
cons: results may not be applicable or general enough to other situations

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23
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

The experimenter doesn’t intervene with the behavior being studied

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24
Q

Naturalistic Observations through time vs situational sampling

A

Time Sampling: making observations at different time points (this allows observations to generalize to different times & people)

Situational Sampling: observing the same behavior in several different situations (allows observations to generalize to different contexts & to different people)

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25
Q

Reliability in the context of naturalist observations

A

Inter-observer Reliability calls for using more than 1 observer. By using more than 1 observer the study is replicated multiple times. This assesses the extent to which multiple observers agree about the observations.

26
Q

ethnographic inquiry

A

involves studying individuals or groups within their natural contexts to understand their behaviors, beliefs, and social interactions from an insider’s perspective

27
Q

Focus Groups

A

planned discussions led by a moderator designed to gather opinions on a defined topic

28
Q

Grounded Theories

A

approach to qualitative research that focuses on building theories

29
Q

Participatory Action Research

A

empowers individuals and communities by engaging them in identifying problems, developing solutions, and taking action based on the findings

30
Q

Correlational Studies

A

looks at the relationship between two or more continuous variables; there are 3 possible relationship outcomes: positive, negative, and zero

great at finding relationships but not causation

31
Q

Ex post facto

A

“after the fact” uses a pre-existing independent variable (aka “subject variables”)(includes variables that can’t be manipulated like gender, SES, traumatic experience)

32
Q

Survey’s, Questionnaires, Tests, and Inventories

A

tools for collecting data
- survey’s & questionnaires evaluate opinions
- tests and inventories assess a specific attribute, ability or characteristic of a particular individual (pain level, personality inventory)

33
Q

Standardization

A

holding variables constant to minimize their influence

34
Q

3 Types Validity

A

Content Validity
Concurrent Validity
Criterion Validity

35
Q

Content Validity

A

does the test test for what it should be testing

36
Q

Concurrent Validity

A

does it measure as well as established measures

37
Q

criterion validity

A

does it have prediction power?

evaluates how well one measure predicts or correlates with another established measure of the same construct

38
Q

2 Types Reliability Tests

A

Test-Retest

Split Half Approach

39
Q

Test-Retest

A

If something gives you the same score time after time after time than it has test-retest reliability.

40
Q

Split Half Approach

A

measure of the internal reliability of a test or how consistently the items perform within a test

How well does performance on the 1st half predict performance on the 2nd half

41
Q

A sample needs to be _______ of the population of interest.

A

Representative

42
Q

What is the best way to get a representative sample?

A

Through Random Sampling

43
Q

3 Types of sampling

A
  1. Random Sampling WITHOUT replacement
  2. Random Sampling WITH replacement
  3. Stratified Random Sampling
44
Q

Random Sampling WITHOUT replacement

A

individuals are selected randomly from a population, but once an individual is chosen, they cannot be selected again in that sampling process

AKA NO COMING BACK AGAIN BIH

45
Q

. Random Sampling WITH replacement

A

individuals are selected randomly from a population, and after being selected, they are returned to the population. This means they can be chosen again in subsequent selections

AKA ROUND TWO?? MAYBEE

46
Q

Stratified Random Sampling

A

dividing a population into distinct subgroups, or strata, that share similar characteristics. Researchers then randomly select samples from each stratum. This technique ensures that the sample reflects the diversity of the population and allows for more accurate generalizations

STRATA WITHIN STRATAS (EX: HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IS ONE STRATA THAT INCLUDES 4 DIFFERENT GRADE GROUPS)

47
Q

Single Strata

A

looking at a single stratum of the population of interest

48
Q

Cross Sectional

A

comparison of two or more groups during the same, limited time period

49
Q

Longitudinal

A

obtaining research data from the same group of individuals (a cohort) over an extended period of time,

50
Q

Variables are defined using _________ definitions.

A

Operational

51
Q

Operation Definitions

A

definitions of variables in terms of the operations needed to produce them.

definitions need to be clear so that other researchers can replicate the study very well.

52
Q

when an extraneous variable is present, the experiment is _______.

A

CONFOUNDED

53
Q

Nuisance Variables

A

unwanted variables that can cause the variability of scores within all groups to increase

54
Q

How to control for confounding variables?

A
  1. Randomization
  2. Elimination
  3. Constancy
  4. Balancing
55
Q

Randomization

A

distributes extraneous variables equally to all groups

56
Q

Elimination

A

Removes all extraneous Variables from the experiment

57
Q

Constancy

A

keep extraneous variables constant

58
Q

balancing

A

ensures that all participants receive extraneous variable to the same extent

59
Q

Differential carryover

A

type of carryover effect that occurs in experimental designs, particularly when participants are exposed to multiple conditions or treatments. It happens when the effects of one treatment influence the response to a subsequent treatment in a manner that varies depending on the order of presentation.

59
Q

Counterbalancing

A

control for potential order effects or carryover effects that can occur when participants are exposed to multiple conditions or treatments. It involves varying the order in which conditions are presented to different

PSY 310 Exam 1 (6 decks)

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