Lecture Content Flashcards
What are some examples of health care challenges?
Ageing population
Co-morbidities
Chronic shortage of health professionals
What is EBP?
Using current up-to-date knowledge/evidence to inform clinical decision-making
What are the 5 As in EBP?
1.Asess the patient
2.Ask answerable question
3.Acquire evidence
4.Appraise evidence
5.Apply evidence
What is quantitative research?
A paradigm of primary research hat has a measurement-focus
What is qualitative research?
A paradigm of primary research that describes something in depth
Similarities between quantitative and qualitative research?
Both seek to answer questions
Both have set methods
Both require participants
Both collect data
Differences between quantitative and qualitative research?
Quantitative:
Determine cause and effect
Tests theory
Controlled variables
Qualitative:
Describe a phenomena
Generates a theory
No variables
What are the four key components of EBP?
Clinical Expertise
Research Evidence
Information from Practice Context
Patient Values, Circumstances
What is a background question?
Any question that acquire general knowledge about a condition to gain better understanding of it
What is a foreground question?
Any question that acquires specific knowledge to inform clinical decision-making
What frameworks can we use to form a foreground question?
PICO
PECOT
PICo
PCC
What does PICO framework suggest?
P:Patient/Population
I:Intervention
C:Comparison Intervention
O:Outcomes
Helpful for intervention
What does PECOT framework suggest?
P:Patient/Population
E:Exposure
C:Comparison Intervention
O:Outcome
T:Time Frame
Helpful for intervention, risk and diagnosis
What does PICo framework suggest?
P:Patient/Population
I:Interest
Co: Context
Helpful for different perspectives
What does PCC framework suggest?
P:Patient/Population
C:Concept
C:Context
Helpful for mapping the literature for emerging topic
You should trust interwebs?
False
You should trust library catalogue?
False
When do we use OR for searching?
Synonyms or alternative keywords
When do we use AND for searching?
Link different concepts
When do we use truncation symbols for searching
Substitute for letters at end of word
When do we use limits for searching
Funneling your search to what you want specifically
Common examples of limits?
Humans
Language
Year of Publication
Type of Publication
DO NOT limit to full text
What is academic literature?
Research that is published in peer-reviewed journals
What is grey literature?
Research that is sourced from other resources e.g government, business and industries
What are descriptive studies?
Describing a new phenomena at the start of a research process
List examples of descriptive studies
Case report
Case series
Survey
What are observational studies?
Observe data that is collected about participants but no active intervention involved
List examples of observational studies
Cross sectional
Case-control
Longitudinal cohort
Pros of cross-sectional study?
Fast/Inexpensive
No loss to follow up
Associations can be studied
Establish prevalence of disease
Cons of cross-sectional study?
Cannot establish causality
Cannot study rare outcomes
Pros of case-control study?
Determine strength of association between exposure and outcome
Study rare outcomes
Inexpensive/Efficient
Cons of case-control study?
Cannot establish causality
Pros of longitudinal cohort study?
Understand the exposure was present before outcome
Determine incidence of disease
Cons of longitudinal cohort study?
Expensive/Inefficient
Loss to follow up
Require long follow-up period
What are experimental studies?
Active intervention involved
List examples of experimental studies
Clinical trials
Pre-post
Quasi-experimental
What is pre-post study?
Compare pre-post data to establish response to intervention
What is quasi-experimental study?
Performance of different subject groups compared over different time periods
What is controlled clinical trial study?
Comparing improvement in intervention group compared to control group
What is randomized controlled trial study?
Randomly allocate people to treatment and control group to establish causality on an individual level
What is cluster RCT study?
Randomly allocate people to treatment and control group to establish causality on an group level
