Lecture Concepts Flashcards
Parietal means
Wall
Purpose of serosas?
Serous membrane that produce a serous fluid that prevent frictions and adherences among organs (viscera) or organs with cavity walls
Four components of serosas
parietal serous layer, serous fluid, visceral serous layer, pleura
If sack around heart pinned from bottom up, what layer is pinned first?
Parietal serous pericardium
If sack around heart pinned from top up, what layer is pinned first?
Fibrous pericardium
What vessel is contained in paraconal groove?
Great coronary vein
What vessel is contained in coronary groove?
Circumflex branch of left coronary artery
What vessel is contained in subsinuosal groove?
Middle cardiac (coronary) vein
What connects lungs to mediastinum?
Pulmonary ligaments (only caudal lungs)
In the dog the tunica muscularis of the esophagus is composed of
Entirely skeletal muscle
In the dog the tunica muscularis of the esophagus is composed of
Skeletal to smooth muscle (smooth muscle predominant in caudal portion)
Left lateral view, suspect diverticulum, how to check?
Make sure that the order is pulmonary trunk > aorta > esophagus, esophagus should be right + behind aorta
Right lateral view, suspect diverticulum, how to check?
Caudal + cranial vena cava > Aorta > Esophagus
Coronary artery gives rise to
Right and left coronary arteries
Coronary arteries responsibility
Supply oxygen rich blood to heart
Only what side of azygos vein develops in the dog and cat?
Right
Aortic arch location
Where aorta bends caudally
Aortic arch branches
Brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian
Brachiocephalic trunk branches
Continues into left and right common carotid arteries and right subclavian
Left common carotid artery runs
Branch of brachiocephalic trunk, runs into neck on respective side
Right common carotid artery runs
Branch of brachiocephalic trunk, runs into neck on respective side
Right subclavian a goes to
Right thoracic limb
Left subclavian or brachiocephalic, which is more dorsal?
Left subclavian
Vertebral a supplies
Veterbra, hypaxial/epaxial m, spine
Costocervical trunk supplies
First 3 intercostal spaces
Superficial cervical a supplies
Muscles and structures most superficial in neck
Axillary a. supplies
Thoracic limb (mama <3)
Internal thoracic a. supplies
Intercostal spaces ventrally
List the names of the arteries branching off of the left subclavian
Vertebral a
Costocervical trunk
Superficial cervical a
Axillary a
Internal thoracic a
What branches off of ascending aorta?
Coronary arteries
What branches off of descending aorta in thoracic cavity?
Bronchoesophageal
Dorsal intercostal
Dorsal intercostal aa., which rise from costocervical trunk?
1-3
Dorsal intercostal aa., which rise from descending aorta?
4-13
Ventral intercostal aa. arise from what?
Internal thoracic a.
Dorsal and ventral intercostal arteries do what
Anatamose
Thoracic duct carries lymph from
Cisterna chyli
Thoracic duct carries lymph from cisterna chyli to the
Venous system cranial to the heart
The thoracic duct usually drains into
Jugular vein, cranial vena cava, or left brachiocephalic vein
Thoracic duct runs with
Aorta and azygos v.
What does the mediastinum contain?
Heart, trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, thymus, vessels, nerves
Plica vena cava
Thin, loose fold of pleura that surrounds the caudal vena cava and right phrenic nerve
What sits in the space (mediastinal recess) formed by the plica vena cava and mediastinum?
Middle lobe of right lung
Chordae tendinae
Fibromuscular cords that attach cusps to papillary muscles
Papillary muscles
Conical muscular projections in the ventricles (usually 3 main muscles), give rise to chordae tendinae
Caudal lobe of right lung is close to
Accessory lobe
Cranial lobe of right lung is close to
Middle lobe
When in doubt I think that caudal lobe is
Bigger and/or pointier
Right side of lung has how many lobar bronchi
4
Left side of lung has how many lobar bronchi
2
Functional divisions of nervous system
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
Anatomical divisions of nervous
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
What make up the central nervous system?
Encephalon and spinal cord
What makes up peripheral nervous system?
Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
Spinal nerves (36 pairs)
Nerves and trunks of autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system is…
Voluntary
Autonomic nervous system is..
Involuntary
Smooth m, heart, glands
What are nuclear cortex?
Very specific somas of CNS
What are a group of CNS somas called?
Grey matter
In the CNS, somas are located
Peripheral external layer in encephalon only
Axons in the CNS are called
White matter
The kind of fibers in CNS axons are
Association
Projection
Commissural
Somas and axons of the CNS are called
Reticular formation
Net of nuclei and axons in encephalon and spinal cord are called
Reticular formation
What are PNS somas called?
Ganglion
Ganglion of PNS may or may not have
Synapses outside of spinal cord
There are no nerves in the
Encephalon
Names of axons in PNS
*Nerve, root, trunk, branch
Is there a reticular formation of PNS?
No
The cells in the borders of the neural groove form the
Neural crests
The cells of neural crests will form most of the
Peripheral nervous system (ganglia and spinal nerves)
Cranial end between spinal cord and brainstem (Cranial limit)
Pyramidal decussation
Caudal end of spinal cord name and location
Medullary cone; Between L6 and L7
The thoracic region of the spinal cord is ; because
Very narrow, not many nerves needed
Intumescence meaning
Expanded area of spinal cord; segments that give origin to the nerves supplying the thoracic and pelvic limbs
Cervical intumescence location and innervation
C6-T2 - Thoracic limb innervation
Lumbar intumescence location and innervation
L4-S3 - Pelvic limbs and pelvic viscera innervation
Pseudounipolar neurons
Only one direction
Which neuron is pseudounipolar?
Afferent / sensory
Which part of the afferent/sensory neuron is pseudounipolar?
Spinal ganglion
Spinal nerves long or short?
Short
What communicates spinal nerve with sympathetic trunk?
Communicating branch
What connects nerves?
Communicating branch
What is an anastomosis?
Connects tubular organs
Spinal nerves will have communicating branches only where
Thoracic and lumbar?
What does meningeal branch do
Innervates meninges (dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid)
Dorsal root ganglion is also known as a
Spinal ganglion
Dorsal branch divided into
Dorsal rootlets and ventral rootlets
