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Human Sexuality > Lecture: Attraction, Love, Attachment 1 > Flashcards

Lecture: Attraction, Love, Attachment 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Atrraction, Love and Attachmnet is assumed to be what?

A

a liner model

Attraction –> Love–> sex

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2
Q

“Sex is the natural expression of love/ only justifiable in context of love”

A
  • People feel that the way to justify sex is through loving a person
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3
Q

Alternatives to love as a reason for sex?

A
  • Nonsexual acts as natural expressions of love.
  • Asking if you got home safe/text me when you get home, I did the dishes for you, I’ll wake up for the baby tonight, etc.
  • Love as a natural excuse for sexual expression
    Many claim feelings of love to initiate sex
  • Love without sex
  • Sex without love
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4
Q

Attraction

A

Liking and positive evaluation of other

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5
Q

Attraction can be what?

A

Platonic or sexual or romantic

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6
Q

Attraction is driven by what 2 Big theories?

A
  1. Reinforcement theory (important psychological model)

2. Sociobiological theory

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7
Q

Byrne’s law of attraction (part of reinforcement theory)

A

Attraction = positive reinforcements / positive + negative reinforcements

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8
Q

Reinforcement - affect model of attraction

A

Positive reinforcement -> positive affect -> positive evaluations (liking, loving)
- Tend to evaluate the source of positive feelings.

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9
Q

Small theories of Attraction: (4)

A

Menstrual cycle
Propinquity (physicially closer to someone = more attraction; mere-exposure effect*)
Familiarity
Desperation

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10
Q

Interpersonally Reinforcing

A

(Burns’ approach) Attitude similarity—interpersonal agreement –is strongly positively reinforcing

  • Atittudesimilarity –> interpersonal agreement
  • This drives interpersonal attraction.
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11
Q

What does attitude similarity validate?

A

Attitude similarity provides consensual validation concerning critical but otherwise unverifiable issues.

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12
Q

Why does attitude similarity drive interpersonal attraction?

A

Attitude similarity drives interpersonal attraction because it is positively reinforcing

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13
Q

Laboratory Study of Interpersonal Attraction: Byrne’s “Bogus Stranger” Technique

A
  • Had a similar or dissimilar bogus stranger (fake attitudes)
  • Had to fill interpersonal judgement scale
  • Attracted to same-sex or opposite-sex bogus partner depending on the function of similar or dissimilar sexual attitudes
  • Scoring: 2 = least attracted and 14 = most attracted, dissimilar, similar
  • Same Sex Stranger 8.01 < 9.50
  • Opposite Sex Stranger 7.46 < 10.89
  • So basically people were more attracted to opposite-sex strangers who have similar sexual attitudes as them
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14
Q

“Real Life” Study of Interpersonal Attraction: Computer Dating

A
  • 420 students responded to measures of attitudes and personality.
  • Couples were matched and sent on a 30-minute “Coke Date” to the student centre
  • Attraction to coke date as a function of attitude similarity and physical attractiveness.
  • Dissimilar couple stood maximally far from each other.
  • 6 months later similar couples were more likely to remember each others names and interacted through dating.
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15
Q

“Real Life” Study of Interpersonal Attraction: Computer Dating: DATA

A

Scoring: 2 = least attracted and 14 = most attracted, dissimilar, similar

Males
Attractive date 10.55 < 12.00
Unattractive date 9.89 < 10.43

Females
Attractive date 11.25 < 12.71
Unattractive date 9.50 < 11.00
- Every attractive date that was more similar was more liked.
A.KA. SIMILAR dates were ALWAYS better liked than non-similar.

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16
Q

“Real Life” Study of Interpersonal Attraction: Computer Dating: POSITIVE CORRELATIONS

A

Positive correlations:
- In males AND females:

  • In dissimilar attitudes with interpersonal distance.
  • In similar attitudes and remembering date’s name.
  • In similar attitudes and having interacted since the study.
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17
Q

Similarity is Not Always Reinforcing: Attitude Similarity to an Emotionally Troubled Person

A

(Standard Stranger Technique—With a Twist)

“I don’t know if this is relevant or not, but last fall I had kind of a nervous breakdown and I had to be hospitalized for a while. I’ve been seeing a psychiatrist ever since”

Prediction:

  • Positively reinforcing events drive attraction
  • Attitude similarity is usually but not always reinforcing.
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18
Q

Attitude Similarity to an Emotionally Troubled Person: Attitude similarity is what?

A

Attitude similarity is usually but not always reinforcing.

- In this case, attitude similarity is punishing and will drive avoidance.

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19
Q

Attitude Similarity to an Emotionally Troubled Person:

A

Males:
Desire to avoid 10.20 > 6.80 6.60 < 9.20

Females:
Desire to avoid 10.20 > 4.80 7.80 < 10.00

  • So basically higher desire to avoid this person if:
    1. They had dissimilar attitudes in a normal situation
    2. They had similar attitudes in a disturbed situation
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20
Q

Normal people have more desire to avoid people who are ______ to them.

A

Dissimilar

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21
Q

Disturbed people have more desire to avoid people who are _____ to them.

A

Similar

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22
Q

General Sociobiology of Mate Preferences: Attractiveness, Provisioning, and Genetic Fitness

A
  • Attractiveness, Provisioning, and Genetic Fitness
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23
Q

General Sociobiology of Mate Preference: Physical attractiveness

A
  • Facial symmetry
  • Facial averageness
  • Waist-hip ratio
  • Height
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24
Q

General Sociobiology of Mate Preference: Intelligence

A
  • Vocabulary size
  • Wit/humor
  • World knowledge
  • Creative storytelling
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25
Q

General Sociobiology of Mate Preference: Social status

A
  • Education
  • Job status
  • Income
  • possessions/fashion
    • Feel like they need to go after someone of same status.
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26
Q

General Sociobiology of Mate Preference: Personality

A
  • Kindness
  • Adaptability
  • Generosity
  • Morality
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27
Q

Females seek in males: Ability and inclination to provision offspring

A
  • Resources
  • Physical fitness
  • Dominance
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28
Q

What do males look for in female?

A

Youth, health, fertility and faithfulness.

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29
Q

Gendered Sociobiological Hypothesis

A

Gender differences in cues for attraction

  • “Genetic fitness” for and in men and women differ.
  • Fertility cues crucial in women.
  • Provisioning cues crucial in men.
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30
Q

In every country the _______ is more concerned with how attractive a partner is than the ______.

A
  1. Male

2. Female

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31
Q

Physical Attractiveness and Sexual Attraction:

Evolutionary psychologists emphasize the value of physical attractiveness as an indicator of _____ and _____ in women.

A
  1. youth

2. fertility

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32
Q

_______ _______ should be more important to men than women (fertility cues)

A

physical attractiveness

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33
Q

Females seek what in males?

A

The ability and inclination to provision offspring.

  • Willing to marry a man who isn’t very good looking
  • Physical appearance isn’t as important to women as it is to men.
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34
Q

Buss (1989) confirmed this in each of 37 cultures studied: physical attractiveness more important to____ than to ____.

A
  1. men

2. women

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35
Q

Mate Selection Preferences in a Representative US National Sample displayed that: WOMEN

A
  • Women are more willing to get married to someone not good looking
  • Women are more willing to get married to someone older by 5 years
  • Women are more willing to get married to someone who earns more than them
  • Women are more willing to get married to someone who has more education than them
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36
Q

Mate Selection Preferences in a Representative US National Sample displayed that: Men

A
  • Men are more willing to get married to someone younger by 5 years
  • Men are more willing to get married to someone not with a steady job
  • Men are more willing to get married to someone who earns less than them
  • Men are more willing to get married to someone who has less education than them
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37
Q

______ are more willing to get married to someone not good looking

A

Women

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38
Q

_____ are more willing to get married to someone older by 5 years

A

Women

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39
Q

_____ are more willing to get married to someone younger by 5 years

A

Men

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40
Q

_____ are more willing to get married to someone not with a steady job

A

Men

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41
Q

_____ are more willing to get married to someone who earns less than them

A

Men

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42
Q

______ are more willing to get married to someone who earns more than them

A

Women

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43
Q

______ are more willing to get married to someone who has more education than them

A

Women

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44
Q

_____ are more willing to get married to someone who has less education than them

A

Men

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45
Q

Study: Found that rates of physical attractiveness are ____ in romantic couples than in friendships.

A

Higher

46
Q

Gendered differences in cues for attraction:

A
  • “Genetic fitness” for and in men and women differ.
  • Fertility cues are crucial in women.
  • Provisioning cues are crucial in men.
47
Q

Why are Breasts Attractive to Men?

A
  • A physical feature should be perceived as attractive in women only when that feature is reliably linked with youth, health, and the ability to conceive and sustain a pregnancy.
  • Estrogen levels are low before puberty and following menopause, but are relatively high between these two periods of life.
  • Pregnancy, lactation, fertility?
48
Q

Why is Waist to Hip Ratio in Women Attractive to Men

A
  • Women with waist to hip ratios around .70 have more estrogen than women with higher waist to hip ratios.
  • Women with higher waist to hip ratios have more health problems, independent of how heavy they are.
  • Women with waist to hip ratios around .70 should be most attractive to men as this is a health and fertility signal as are adult non-pregnant breasts.
49
Q

Women with higher waist to hip ratios have more _____ ____ independent of how heavy they are.

A

health problems

50
Q

Women with waist to hip ratios around .70 have more _____ than women with higher waist to hip ratios.

A

estrogen

51
Q

Women with waist to hip ratios around .70 should be _____ _____ to men as this is a health and fertility signal as are adult non-pregnant breasts.

A

most attractive

52
Q

Why is Waist to Hip Ratio in Women Attractive to Men:
Singh (1993) obtained measurements from from all of the Miss America winners (1923-1987) and Playboy centerfolds (1955-1965, 1976-1990).

A
  • Waist to hip ratio of the women, regardless of year and weight, was ~.70
  • Conforms to sociobiological prediction that men are attracted to signs of fertility
53
Q

Waist to hip ration and weight: (overweight, normal, and underweight)

A
  • At each weight the 0.7 was perceived as most attractive in each circumstance.
54
Q

Men and Women’s Preference for Partner’s Age Across the Lifespan: Personal’s ads studied for men’s and women’s preference for age of desired partners.

A
  • Men preferred younger/more close to their age

- Women preferred older/bigger gap in ager

55
Q

Facial Feature Attractiveness: An Evolutionary Psychology Perspective

A
  • Facial attractiveness is a “health certificate.”
  • Evenly colored skin, supple skin, clear eyes, shiny hair certify health and fertility.
  • Facial symmetry and averageness is a signal of genetic quality.
56
Q

Facial Feature Attractiveness:

“ Facial attractiveness is a “_________.”

A

Health certificate

57
Q

Facial symmetry and averageness is a signal of _____ ______.

A

genetic quality.

58
Q

Male and female facial attractiveness also certify ______ ______.

A

hormonal status

59
Q

Departures from facial symmetry, called fluctuating asymmetry, may indicate maldevelopment and ____ genetic quality.

A

poor

60
Q

Males and females were asked to rate high to low symmetry faces:

A
  • Males and females rated high symmetry faces as more attractive and as better long term mates.
  • Males ratings of long term mate suitableness was more affected than women’s ratings, by degree of facial symmetry.
61
Q

Males and females rated high symmetry faces as ____ attractive and as ____ long term mates.

A
  1. More

2. better

62
Q

Males ratings of long term mate suitableness was _____ affected than women’s ratings, by degree of facial symmetry.

A

more

63
Q

Male facial features serve as sex _____ markers.

A

hormone

64
Q

Testosterone affects male facial features:

A
  • Cheekbones
  • Jaws
  • Chin
  • Eyebrow ridges
  • Central face
  • Lower facial bones
    • More testosterone = higher cheekbones etc.
  • More likely to be able to compete.
65
Q

Testosterone in males and large size?

A
  • Large size is dominance cue

- Large size is signal of ability to engage in intra-sexual competition.

66
Q

Female preference for male facial characteristics ______ during fertile phase of menstrual cycle and for short term-mating preferences

A

increase

67
Q

Female facial features as sex hormone markers:

A
  • Estrogen in pubertal females caps growth of bony structures that are relatively large in male faces.
  • Estrogen also results in enlargement of the lips and cheeks via fat deposition.
68
Q

Do facial estrogen related features function as a fertility cue?

A

Attractiveness of female faces is greatest with smallness of bony feature of the lower face, large lips, and width and height of the cheeks.

69
Q

Estrogen in pubertal females does what?

A

Caps growth of bony structures that are relatively large in male faces.

70
Q

How are women lips enlarged?

A
  • Estrogen, it results in enlargement of the lips and cheeks via fat deposition.
71
Q 
Physical Attractiveness: Different Payoffs for Men and Women : 
A high school class of 1955 were rated for attractiveness
A
  • Education, income, and marriage characteristics were assessed 15 years later, when participants were in their mid-30s.
72
Q

Physical Attractiveness: MOST ATTRACTIVE WOMEN in high school sample ratings.

A
  • 10 x more likely to marry.
  • Younger age at marriage.
  • Most educated husbands.
  • Highest income husbands
73
Q

Physical Attractiveness: LEAST ATTRACTIVE MEN

A
  • Highest high school math scores.
  • Highest years of education.
  • Highest socioeconomic status.
  • Highest age of marriage.
  • Most well educated wives.
  • Least premarital intercourse.
74
Q

Mythbusters Video

A

Basically showed how the bigger a waitress’s breasts were, the more tips she got.

75
Q

Dominance: An Attractive “Meta-Trait” in Men?

A
  • Dominance might be a “metatrait” that signals overall ability to provision offspring.
  • Dominance should be an attractive trait for women but not for men.
76
Q

STUDY: Men and women exposed to dominant or non-dominant opposite sex other

A
  • Rated opposite sex other’s sexual attractiveness and dating desirability
  • Men had less desire to date women who seemed more dominant; opposite for women.
  • Women found dominance more sexually attractive AND had more desire to date them
77
Q

Dominance might be a “metatrait” that signals overall ability to_____ offspring.

A

provision

78
Q

Dominance should be an attractive trait for _____ but not for _____.

A
  1. Women

2. Men

79
Q

Men had_____ desire to date women who seemed more dominant; opposite for women.

A

less

80
Q

Women found dominance _____ sexually attractive AND had _____ desire to date them

A

1-2: more

81
Q

Minimal Mate Standards:

Different standards when looking for a short-term fling versus a long-term relationship?

A
  1. Short term relationships— less investment, particularly for men.
  2. Long-term relationships—a great deal of investment, for both men and women.
82
Q

What is the minimum percentile of ______ you would accept in considering someone for: A date

A

Women desired slightly above average intelligence for a single date, as do men.

83
Q

What is the minimum percentile of ______ you would accept in considering someone for: A sexual partner

A

Women desired more intelligence in a partner with increasing commitment, as do men

84
Q

What is the minimum percentile of ______ you would accept in considering someone for: A one night stand

A

Men’s criteria are much lower than women’s when it comes to sexual partners

85
Q

What is the minimum percentile of ______ you would accept in considering someone for: A steady dating partner OR marriage?

A

Male-female differences are most pronounced for one-night stands compared to sexual relations in general

86
Q

The more likely you are to be in a cooperative relationship, the more?

A

similar you are

87
Q

If you are in a zero investment relationship, men will have what standards?

A

Low

88
Q

Why do women increase selectivity?

A

Because of the chances of pregnancy increases if they are not selective.

89
Q

Are males less selective?

A

Yes, often low investment.

90
Q

T/F Males are selective for long term relationships where they commit resources.

A

True

91
Q

T/F females increase their selectivity as the probability of pregnancy and offspring increases.

A

True

92
Q

T/F Males are less selective if given the opportunity for a low investment reproductive encounter.

A

True

93
Q

T/F Across all cultures, attractiveness is always more important to men than women

A

True

94
Q

Intra-Sex Competition:

A
  • Men Derogate Competitor’s Resources,

- Women Derogate Competitor’s Looks

95
Q

Derogation of female competitor, by a female, to a male:

A
  • Spread rumours
  • Derogate intelligence
    (Call her airhead)
  • Call promiscuous ( She is a tramp, She sleeps around)
  • Derogate appearance
    (Laugh at her hair, Make fun of her body, Denigrate her clothing, Mention makeup slutty)
    **Try to make competition not attractive **
96
Q

Derogation of a male competitor, by male, to a female.

A 
- Derogated his achievements
(He is a loser, Has no goals,
Lacks ambition, Scoff at achievements)
- Derogated his strength
(Wimp, Physically weak, Bad at sports)
- Derogated his sexuality
(Unfaithful, Got woman pregnant, Might be gay)
97
Q

Derogation tactics used by men which were thought to be common and effective in minimizing competitor men’s attractiveness:

A
  • Derogate competitor’s financial resources
  • Derogate competitor’s achievements
  • Say competitor has no aspirations
  • Derogate competitor’s strength
98
Q

Derogation tactics used by women thought to be common and effective in minimizing competitor women’s attractiveness:

A
  • Call competitor promiscuous
  • Derogate competitor’s appearance
  • Call competitor a tease
  • Question competitor’s fidelity
99
Q

Intra-Sexual Competition on Physical Appearance: Intolerance of Sexy Peers

A

Women interacted with conservatively dressed or sexily dressed woman confederate.

  • Women–blind as to condition– coded videotape of participants for “bitchy” behaviour
  • 74% coded “bitchy” reactions in sexy dressed.
  • 5% coded “bitchy” behaviour in conservative dressed.
100
Q

Study: Women viewed photographs of conservatively dressed or sexily dressed confederate, and rated willingness to do the following: (conservative, sexy-thin, and sexy-heavy)

A
  • Were less likely to be friends with or let their boyfriends around women who were sexy and thin
101
Q

“Girls Just Want to Have Fun:” Nonverbal Signals and Attraction

A
  • Women were covertly observed by two trained rates in a singles’ bar for 30 minutes.
  • Women’s behaviours which resulted in attention from a man within 15 seconds were coded as “sexual attraction signals.
102
Q

Where do women’s solicitation behaviours occur?

A
  • Women are much more likely to display solicitation behaviours/approach males in a singles bar than at other places.
103
Q

Menstrual Cycle Phase Effect on Women’s Attractiveness to Men Result?
18 strip club dancers charted menstrual cycles and tips each day for 60 days, for a total of 296 work shifts involving 5,300 lap dances

A

Dancers earned much more money during their fertile phase (menstrual is lowest, then luteal, then fertile)

104
Q

Menstrual Cycle Phase Effect on Men’s Attractiveness to Women RESULTS?

  • Women sniffed 41 T-shirts worn by high symmetrical men (good genes) and low symmetrical men (poor genes) for 2 nights.
  • Women charted their menstrual cycle and their preferences for T shirt scents
A
  • Women who were normally cycling preferred highly symmetrical men’s T-shirts when ovulating but not at other cycle points.
  • Women on oral contraceptives showed no t-shirt scent preferences
105
Q

Menstrual Cycle Phase Effect on Men’s Attractiveness to Women:
Women who were normally cycling preferred highly symmetrical men’s T-shirts when ______ but not at other cycle points.

A

Ovulating

106
Q

Did the study on t-shirt sent and symmetry have any effect on women on oral contraceptives?

A

Women on oral contraceptives showed no t-shirt scent preferences

107
Q

Propinquity

A

Basically being close to someone = more attraction

- “The almost mechanical effect of accessibility upon intimacy….”

108
Q

Familiarity:Meer exposure to objects increases liking for them. How about for people?

A
  • Different female confederates of the researcher attended psychology class 0, 5, 10, 15 times during the semester.
  • Attraction to the female was assessed at the end of the year
  • The more the female attended class, the more attracted they were to her
109
Q

Does closing time affect how attractive a person becomes?

Men and women in student bar rated opposite sex patron’s attractiveness at 9pm, 10:30pm, and 12am.

A

The ratings of attractiveness increases as closing time started.

**important to note is this the effect of closing time OR alcohol consumption
Or effect of reason for being at the bear?

110
Q

Homophily

A

People from same neighbourhood, ethnicity, etc. you will be more likely too pair up with them.

111
Q

Mere Familiarity: “ Fake asian symbols”

A

The more often you see the symbols the more you like it.

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