Lecture A10 - Some Important Viruses Infecting Mucosal Sufaces Flashcards
Name some non-enveloped viruses that infect mucosal surfaces?
Rotavirus - dsDNA infects the digestive tract.
HPV - dsDNA infects the urogenital tract.
Norovirus - ssRNA infects the digestive tract.
Poliovirus - ssDNA infects the digestive tract.
Trichomonasvirus - dsRNA infects the urogenital tract.
Name some enveloped viruses that infect mucosal surfaces.
HIV - ssRNA infects the urogenital tract.
SARS-CoV-2 - ssRNA infects the respiratory tract.
Influenza - ssRNA infects the respiratory tract.
What viruses have effective vaccines?
Poliovirus, HPV, coronaviruses.
What vaccines have variable efficacy?
Influenza, rotavirus
What infections have no vaccines available?
HIV, norovirus
What are the 6 core features of effective vaccines?
Safe
Protective
Gives sustained protection
Induces neutralising antibody
Induces protective T cells
Practical considerations (low cost, ease of administration etc).
What type of vaccine is usually required for the digestive tract?
Oral.
What are the different types of administration for parenteral vaccines?
Intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous and intradermal.
What are the different delivery methods of vaccines?
Intranasal, sublingual, oral, rectal, intravaginal, parenteral.
How can systemic IgG and mucosal IgA be produced?
Via the combination of the mucosal and parenteral vaccines.
What is the difference between mucosal and parenteral vaccines?
Parenteral injected vaccines give systemic immune responses.
Mucosal vaccines give rise to both mucosal and systemic immune responses.
Why might the urogenital and lower respiratory tracts may also be effectively treated by parenteral vaccines?
These mucosa are permeable to serum IgG.
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
Specific part of the virus cloned and purified. It is then sub cloned as a slightly different version of the virus so that illness is not caused by the virus when it is administered.
What is an inactive attenuated vaccine?
The virus is chemically killed (fixed) so the virus is not pathogenic but is still a whole thing that will be recognised by the immune response to stimulate a response.
Name three examples of live attenuated vaccines, their entry route and trade name.
Polio (OPV) - oral - many trade names
Rotavirus (monovalent human rotavirus strain) - oral - RotaRix
Influenza (cold-adapted influenza virus reassortant strain) - nasal - FluMist.