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Mechanisms of Disease > Lecture 9.1: Invasion & Metastasis and the Effects of Neoplasms > Flashcards

Lecture 9.1: Invasion & Metastasis and the Effects of Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Neoplasm?

A

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed

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2
Q

What is a Malignant Neoplasm?

A

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed and invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites

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3
Q

What is Neoplasia?

A

A disorder of cell growth, triggered by a series of mutations (germline, acquired, somatic) affecting a single cell and its clonal progeny

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4
Q

What is a Tumour?

A

• Any clinically detectable lump or swelling
• A neoplasm is just one type of tumour

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5
Q

What is Cancer?

A

• A cancer is any malignant neoplasm

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6
Q

What is Metastasis?

A
  • A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its
    original site to a new non-contiguous site
  • The original location is the primary site
  • The place to which it has spread is a secondary site
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7
Q

What is Dysplasia?

A
  • A pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show
    disordered tissue organisation
  • It is not neoplastic because the change is reversible
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8
Q

How to Name Neoplasms?

A

• Benign neoplasms ends in –oma.
• Malignant neoplsams end in –carcinoma: if it is an epithelial malignant
neoplasm (90% malignant tumours)
• – sarcoma if it is a stromal malignant neoplasm

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of carcinomas?

A

• In-situ (no invasion of epithelial basement membrane)
• Invasive (penetrated through basement)

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10
Q

What is a Benign Neoplasm of Fibrous Tissue called?

A

Fibroma

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11
Q

What is a Benign Neoplasm of Smooth Muscle called?

A

Leiomyoma

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12
Q

What is a Benign Neoplasm of Striated (Skeletal) Muscle called?

A

Rhabdomyoma

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13
Q

What is a Benign Neoplasm of Bone called?

A

Osteoma

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14
Q

What is a Benign Neoplasm of Cartilage called?

A

Chondroma

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15
Q

What is a Benign Neoplasm of Fat called?

A

Lipoma

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16
Q

What is a Benign Neoplasm of Nerves/Nerve Sheath called?

A

Neuroma/Neurofibroma

17
Q

What is a Benign Neoplasm of Glial Cells called?

A

Glioma

18
Q

What is a tumour of glandular tissue called?

A

Adenocarcinoma/Adenoma

19
Q

What is a Melanoma?

A

Malignant tumour of cells derived from neural crest

20
Q

What is a Mesothelioma?

A

Tumour of mesothelium (malignant)

21
Q

What does the suffix -blastoma refer to?

A

Tumours that arise from precursor cells and are composed of cells with immature characteristics seen in developing (embryonic) stages

22
Q

What is the origin of a Carcinoma?

A

Refers to a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin or cancer of the internal or external lining of the body

23
Q

What is the origin of an Adenocarcinoma?

A

Which develops in an organ or gland

24
Q

What is the origin of a Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

A

Which originates in the squamous epithelium

25
Q

What is the origin of a Sarcoma?

A

Sarcoma refers to cancer that originates in supportive and connective tissues such as bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle, and fat

26
Q

What is the origin of a Myeloma?

A

Originates in the plasma cells of bone marrow

27
Q

What is the origin of a Leukemia?

A

Cancers of the bone marrow
Affect WBCs and RBCs

28
Q

What is the origin of Lymphomas?

A

Develop in the glands or nodes of the lymphatic system, a network of vessels, nodes, and organs (specifically the spleen, tonsils, and thymus) that purify bodily fluids and produce infection-fighting white blood cells, or lymphocytes

29
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma vs Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin lymphoma diagnostically distinguishes Hodgkin lymphoma from Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

30
Q

Early in female embryogenesis one allele is randomly inactivated in each cell, what is this called?

A

Lyonisation

31
Q

Main steps involved in invasion of extracellular matrix (4 Steps)

A
  • Detachment of tumour cells from one another by
    unzipping of the anchor protein E-cadherin
  • Degradation of the extracellular matrix by
    collagenase attacking the collagen fibres of the
    basement membrane
  • Loss of adhesion of cells from integrins
  • Migration of tumour cells through the extracellular
    matrix
32
Q

Stromal invasion involves 5 important alterations

A
  • The cells must degrade basement membrane
    and stroma to invade
  • This involves altered expression of proteases,
    notably matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
  • Malignant cells take advantage of nearby non-
    neoplastic cells, which together form a cancer
    niche
  • These normal cells provide some growth factors
    and proteases
  • Altered motility involves changes in the actin
    cytoskeleton
33
Q

Routes of Metastatic Spread (3)

A

• Blood
• Lymphatic
• Transcoelomic (pleura, peritoneum)

34
Q

What are Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs)?

A

A rare subset of cells found in the blood of patients with solid tumours, which function as a seed for metastases in the locations in the body

35
Q

How do cancer cells evade destruction in the circulation?

A
  • Release of coagulation factors, resulting in
    formation of an outer platelet shield and then a
    tumour platelet microthrombi
  • This protects from shearing and turbulence forces
  • Prevents immune detection using platelet derived
    MHC class I coating
36
Q

What are NK Cells?

A

They are WBCs, a type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that can self-cells that are presenting abnormal antigens: kill tumour cells or cells infected with a virus

37
Q

What must Malignant Cells do at secondary sites to form a Clinical Metastasis?

A
  • At a secondary site malignant cells must get
    out of a vessel (extravasation) and then grow
  • This is a dynamic process including adhesion,
    vascular migration and endothelial remodelling
    (Twist gene)
38
Q

What are Micrometastases?

A
  • Many malignant cells lodge at secondary sites
  • These tiny cell clusters often either die or fail
    to grow into clinically detectable tumours
  • Surviving microscopic deposits that do not grow are
    called micrometastases
39
Q

What is “Tumour Dormancy”?

A

When a malignant neoplasm relapses years after an apparent cure it is typically due to one or more micrometastases starting to grow

Mechanisms of Disease (11 decks)

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