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Lecture 9: Translation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary molecules needed for translation?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomes, Enzymes, other factors, energy sources

These molecules work together to synthesize proteins from amino acids based on the sequence of the mRNA.

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2
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is a type of RNA that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

mRNA serves as the template for protein synthesis.

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3
Q

What is the role of Transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?

A

tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into a growing polypeptide chain

Each tRNA molecule is specific to one amino acid and has an anticodon that pairs with the corresponding codon on the mRNA.

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4
Q

True or False: Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.

A

True

Ribosomes facilitate the interaction between mRNA and tRNA during translation.

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5
Q

List the components required for translation.

A
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • Ribosomes
  • Enzymes
  • Other factors
  • Energy sources

All these components play crucial roles in the translation process.

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

What is a ribonucleoprotein complex?

A

Comprise of both RNA (rRNA) and protein

A ribonucleoprotein complex refers to a molecular assembly that includes ribosomal RNA and proteins, essential for ribosome function.

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8
Q

What are the components of a ribosome?

A

Small (40S) and large (60S) subunits

Ribosomes consist of two distinct subunits, with the small subunit decoding the genetic message and the large subunit catalyzing peptide bond formation.

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9
Q

What is the function of the small subunit (40S) in eukaryotes?

A

Decodes the genetic message

The small subunit plays a crucial role in interpreting the mRNA sequence during protein synthesis.

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10
Q

What is the function of the large subunit (60S) in eukaryotes?

A

Catalyzes peptide bond formation

The large subunit is responsible for linking amino acids together to form proteins.

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11
Q

What is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?

A

Ribosome

Ribosomes serve as the cellular machinery where proteins are synthesized from amino acids, following the genetic instructions carried by mRNA.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Each ribosome is composed of small (____) and large (____) components.

A

40S, 60S

The ribosomal subunits are designated as 40S for the small subunit and 60S for the large subunit in eukaryotic cells.

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13
Q

True or False: The large subunit of the ribosome is responsible for decoding the genetic message.

A

False

The decoding of the genetic message is the function of the small subunit (40S), while the large subunit (60S) is involved in peptide bond formation.

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14
Q

What is the carrier molecule which transfers amino acids to the protein chain?

A

Transfer (tRNA)

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15
Q

What happens each time an amino acid is added to the chain?

A

A specific tRNA pairs with its complementary sequence on the mRNA molecule

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16
Q

What does tRNA pairing with its complementary sequence on the mRNA molecule do ?

A

Ensures that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the protein being synthesized

17
Q

How many amino acids are tRNA specified to carry to make proteins?

A

20 amino acids

18
Q

How long are tRNA and how are they folded uniquely?

A

80 nucleotides long , due to hydrogen bonding

19
Q

True or False: tRNA are recyclable

20
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

21
Q

For each of the following codes, state how many amino acids they can code for

  • 1 base long
  • 2 bases long
    -3 bases long
A

1 base: 4 amino acids
2 bases: 16 amino acids
3 bases: 64 amino acids

22
Q

What are the 3 mRNA bases known as?

23
Q

What are the 3tRNA bases that match up known as?

A

the anti-codon

24
Q

What is the start codon for Methionine

25
Q

How many different codons are there? How many are used to specify amino acids and how many are used as stop codon?

A

64 different codons, 61 specify amino acids, 3 are used as stop codon.

26
Q

What are the DNA and RNA stop codons ?

A

For DNA:
TAG
TAA
TGA

For RNA:
UAG
UAA
UGA

27
Q

Why does degeneracy of the codon occur?

A

There are more codons than encodable amino acids

28
Q

List the 3 steps of translation

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
29
Q

In initiation, what does the small ribosomal subunit bind?

A

The tRNA carrying the initiator amino acid Methionine

34
Q

How many sites does the ribosome have and what are their functions?

A
  • A site: The entry site for new tRNA

BIOE (6 decks)

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