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Envs 212 > Lecture 9 - Species, Species Concepts, and Speciation > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Species, Species Concepts, and Speciation Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 examples of species concepts?

A
  • biological
  • morphological
  • evolutionary
  • recognition
  • phylogentetic
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2
Q

Which 2 species concepts are most commonly used today?

A

biological (BSC) and phylogenetic (PSC)

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3
Q

Who discovered the BSC?

A

Ernst Mayr

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4
Q

What is the BSC?

A

species are groups of interbreeding natural pops that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

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5
Q

Among what profession is the BSC widely accepted among?

A

zoologists, not botanists or palentologist

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6
Q

Is BSC applicable to asexual organisms?

A

no doesn’t apply to them; so doesn’t apply to parthenogenetic lizard

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7
Q

Is BSC testable with sympatric or allopatric populations?

A

sympatric

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8
Q

Can you know BSC for fossils?

A

unknowable for fossils; doesn’t have time element

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9
Q

What does it mean if ability to interbreed for BSC is plesiomorphic?

A

meaning its and ancestral trait is lost

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10
Q

Is testing for reproductive isolation always feasible?

A

no; some species may mate in lab but not nature; individuals viable in lab might not be in nature

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11
Q

What is most speciation?

A

allopatric

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12
Q

Who discovered the morphological species concept?

A

Eldredge and Cracraft (1980)

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13
Q

What is the morphological species concept?

A

diagnosable cluster of individuals within which there is a pattern of ancestry and descent and beyond which there isn’t; similarity in morphological characters w consistent differences from other species

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14
Q

Can siblings or cryptic species be told apart by morphology?

A

no

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15
Q

Who came up with the evolutionary species concept?

A

G.G Simpson and Wiley (mainly the former)

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16
Q

What is the evolutionary species concept?

A

a species is a single lineage of ancestral descendant pops of organisms that maintain its identity from other such lineages and which has its on evolutionary tendencies and historical fate

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17
Q

What are recognition species?

A

sets of organisms that recognize each other as potential mates; crickets sing diff songs

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18
Q

Is the ability to discriminate individuals of one group from another a static property of species?

A

no itself is a phenotype that evolves

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19
Q

What is the phylogenetic species concept?

A

a species is the smallest diagnosable cluster of individuals orgs within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent; grouped bc of evidence of monophyly

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20
Q

Who is associated with the phylogenetic species concept?

A

Joel Cracraft (1983)

21
Q

What are 3 steps in delimiting species common to all species concepts?

A
  1. survey morphological or molecular variation within and among populations
  2. group individuals into groups called taxa
  3. rank taxa in taxonomic hierarchy (subspecies, species)
22
Q

Where do BSC and PSC diverge?

A

with ranking taxa in taxonomic hierarchy

23
Q

How does BSC rank taxa?

A

ranking based on reproductive compatibility

24
Q

How does PSC rank taxa?

A

ranking based on diagnosability

25
Q

What happens with species diverge from each other?

A

become evolutionary species

26
Q

What happens when evolutionary species are diagnosable?

A

become phylogenetic

27
Q

What happens when species are absolutely reproductively isolated?

A

become biological species

28
Q

Rank order of evolutionary, biological and phylogenetic species forming?

A

evo, phylo, bio

29
Q

What does pattern vs process based mean?

A

how bio vs phylo differ in ranking taxa

30
Q

What does BSC do based on morphological differences?

A

group individuals into 2 taxa and if they hybridize, rank as subspecies

31
Q

What is the association btw morphology and PSC?

A

morphology reveals 2 groups w independent evo histories, ranks as species whether hybridizing or not

32
Q

Why doesn’t PSC use info on reproductive isolation to decide species limits?

A
  • hybridization is an ancestral condition and only derived conditions unite taxa
  • species limits should be based on what has evolved (pattern) and not what might happen (process) in the future
  • hybridization has a potential future role but outcome is unknowable
33
Q

How long for hybridization to erase evidence of independent evolution?

A

can use cline theory to answer question

34
Q

What is the difference btw allopatry and sympatry?

A

allopatry = not overlapping in distribution
sympatry = overlapping in distribution

35
Q

How many taxa of brown towhee?

A

4 as confirmed with MtDNA studies

36
Q

What type of populations are hard to assess under BSC?

A

allopatric; what can seem as sisters bc the are neighbors aren’t

37
Q

How could wrong classification come to be with the BSC?

A

guessing if allopatric populations could hybridize as w PSC there is no guessing

38
Q

Are sister species thought to hybridize with PSC?

A

species thought to be able to hybridize not sister species

39
Q

With evidence, how do PSC and BSC differ?

A

PSC: 4 species w independent evo history = 4 species
BSC: need to know abt hybridization

40
Q

Under BSC, what are hybridizing groups classified as?

A

same species which misinterprets evo history

41
Q

What do most biological species equal?

A

one single phylogenetic species

42
Q

What do ecological factors fuel?

A

process of evolution producing characteristic differences btw species

43
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

geographic isolation; prerequisite for speciation; vicariance

44
Q

Do isolation by vicariance and dispersal have diff consequences?

A

yes

45
Q

What is parapatric speciation?

A

geographic barrier isn’t necessary, pops touching but no random mating; hybrid zone along common border initially

46
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

long thought rare; new populations forming without geographic isolation

47
Q

What is main example of sympatric speciation?

A

polyploidy in plants; aka instant speciation - polyploids originate when entire genome is doubled via fertilization w unreduced gametes; fertile but cannot mate w parentals

48
Q

What is assortative mating?

A

tendency to choose similar or dissimilar mates in phenotypes than would be expected by chance

49
Q
A

Envs 212 (3 decks)

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