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BIO202 New Terms > Lecture 9: Sensory Systems - Special Senses > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Sensory Systems - Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Vestibular Sensation

A

Organism’s sense of spatial orientation and balance`

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2
Q

Sensory transduction

A

Converting a stimulus into an electrical signal in the nervous system

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3
Q

Sensory Receptor

A

A cell or cell process that is specialized to engage with and detect a specific stimulus.
Used in the first type of cellular system that performs sensory transduction

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4
Q

Reception

A

First step in sensation
Activation of sensory receptors by stimuli

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5
Q

Receptive field

A

Region in space in which a given sensory receptor can respond to a stimulus

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6
Q

Intense Stimulus

A

May produce a rapid train of action potentials and reducing the stimulus will likewise slow the rate of production of action potentials.
A second way in which an intense stimulus is encoded is by the number of receptors activated. This may initiate action potentials in a large number of adjacent receptors.

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7
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

Collection of specialized olfactory receptors in the back of the nasal cavity

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8
Q

Olfactory Receptor

A

Dendrite of a specialized neuron
Responds when it binds certain molecules inhaled from the environment by sending impulses directly to the olfactory bulb of the brain.

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9
Q

Olfactory Neuron

A

Bipolar neurons
Each neuron has a single dendrite buried in the olfactory epithelium.
Each has one type of receptor on its cilia and they are specialized to detect specific odorants.

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10
Q

Olfactory Stimulation

A

The only sensory information that directly reaches the cerebral cortex, whereas other sensations are relayed through the thalamus.

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11
Q

Pheromone

A

Chemical released by an animal that affects the behaviour or physiology of animals of the same species.
Signals aren’t sent to olfactory bulb but are sent to a neural structure that projects directly to the amygdala.

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12
Q

The Vomeronasal Organ

A

VNO
Jacobson’s Organ
Tubular, fluid-filled olfactory organ present in many vertebrate animals that sits adjacent to the nasal cavity
Sensitive to Pheromones
Connected to the nasal cavity by a duct

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13
Q

Taste Bud

A

Primary organ of taste
A cluster of gustatory receptors that are located within the bumps on the tongue called papillae

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14
Q

Filiform Papillae

A

Located across the tongue
Are tactile
They provide friction that helps the tongue move substances
Contain no taste cells

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15
Q

Fungiform Papillae

A

Located mainly on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Each contain one to eight taste buds
Have receptors for pressure and temperature.

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16
Q

Circumvallate Papillae

A

Large, contains up to 100 taste buds
Forms a V shape near the posterior margin of the tongue.
Wall-like papillae
Each is surrounded by a groove
Each contains about 250 taste buds

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17
Q

Foliate Papillae

A

Leaf-like papillae
Located in parallel folds along the edges and toward the back of the tongue
Contain about 1300 taste buds within their folds

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18
Q

Five Primary Tastes in Humans

A

Salty Tastant
Sour Tastant
Sweet Tastant
Bitter Tastant
Umami Tastant

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19
Q

Salty Tastant

A

Provides the Na+ ions that enter the taste neurons and excite them directly.

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20
Q

Sour Tastant

A

Acids that belong to thermoreceptor family.
Binding of a sour molecule or acid triggers a change in the ion channel and these increase hydrogen ion concentrations in the taste neuron, hence depolarizing them.

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21
Q

Sweet, Bitter and Umami Tastant

A

Require a G-protein coupled receptor
Bind to respective receptors, thereby exciting the specialized neurons associated with them

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22
Q

Glomeruli

A

Neural clusters in the olfactory bulb
Each receives signals from one type of olfactory receptor.
Each is specific to one odorant

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23
Q

Audition

A

Hearing
Enables an organism to detect and receive information about danger

24
Q

Sound waves

A

Auditory Stimuli
Mechanical, pressure waves that move through a medium.

25
Q

Main characteristics of Sound

A

Frequency
Wavelength
Period
Amplitude

26
Q

Frequency

A

Number of waves per unit of time
High frequency indicates high pitch and vice-versa
Measured in hertz for sound

27
Q

Ultrasound

A

Frequencies above the human range (30 - 20000Hz)

28
Q

Amplitude

A

Dimension of a wave from peak to trough
Volume

29
Q

Pinna

A

External, cartilaginous part of the ear
Collects sound waves

30
Q

Tympanum

A

Ear drum
Thin diaphragm
Innermost part of the outer ear

31
Q

Middle Ear

A

Interior to the tympanum
Holds 3 small bones called ossicles.

32
Q

Ossicles

A

Transfer energy from the moving tympanum to the inner ear.
The three ossicles are the malleus, incus and stapes.

33
Q

Malleus

A

Shaped as hammer
Attaches at 3 points to the interior surface of the tympanic membrane.

34
Q

Incus

A

Attaches malleus to stapes
Shaped as anvil

35
Q

Oval Window

A

Outermost structure of the inner ear
Thin diaphragm

36
Q

Labyrinth

A

Location of the structures of the inner ear
Bony/hollow structure
Most interior portion of the ear

37
Q

Cochlea

A

Whorled structure
Contains receptors for transduction of mechanical wave into electrical signal.

38
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

Mechanical analyzer that runs the length of the cochlea, curling towards the cochlea’s centre.
Gets thicker, tauter, and narrower at the outside of the whorl
Gets floppier, thinner, and broader toward the apex of the whorl.

39
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Site of transduction
Composed of hair cells held in place above basilar membrane.

40
Q

Inner Hair Cells

A

Primary auditory receptors
Exist in a single row
The stereo cilia on them extend into small dimples on the tectorial membrane’s lower surface
They number approximately 3,500.

41
Q

Outer Hair Cells

A

Arranged in 3 or 4 rows
They number approximately 12,000.
They function to fine tune incoming sound waves.

42
Q

Vestibular receptor organs in the inner ear (Make up the vestibular labyrinth)

A

The Utricle
The Saccule (Responds to acceleration in a straight line along with the utricle)
3 Semicircular canals

43
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Fluid-filled
Tubular loops set at oblique angles.
Arranged in 3 spatial planes
Base of each canal has a swelling that contains a cluster of hair cells. They project into the cupula and monitor angular acceleration and deceleration.

44
Q

Vision

A

The ability to detect light patterns from the outside environment and interpret them into images.

45
Q

Photon

A

Fundamental unit of light
A packet of electromagnetic radiation

46
Q

Retina

A

Location of photoreceptive cells of the eye
Inner surface of the back of the eye

47
Q

Cornea

A

The front transparent layer of the eye

48
Q

Lens

A

Crystalline
A transparent convex structure behind the cornea

49
Q

Iris

A

Conspicuous as the coloured part of the eye
Circular muscular ring lying between the lens and cornea
Regulates the amount of light entering the eye
Contracts in response to bright light, pupil size reduces
Relaxes in response to dim light, pupil enlarges

50
Q

Rods

A

Strongly photosensitive
Located in the outer edges of the retina
Detect dim light
Used for peripheral and nighttime vision

51
Q

Cones

A

Weakly photosensitive
Located near the centre of the retina
Respond to bright light
Primary role in daytime, color vision

52
Q

Fovea

A

Region in the centre back of the eye
Responsible for acute vision
Has a high density of cones

53
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Main photopigment in vertebrates
Has 2 main parts: Opsin and Retinal

54
Q

Opsin

A

Membrane Protein
Cluster of alpha-helices that span the membrane

55
Q

Retinal

A

Molecule that absorbs light

BIO202 New Terms (5 decks)

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