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T2: Theme 2: Blood > Lecture 9: Haematology > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What might cause a high WBC?

A

Infection, post-op, leukaemia

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2
Q

What might cause a low WBC?

A

Chemotherapy, drugs, severe infection, immune disorders

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3
Q

What type of cell is raised during bacterial infection?

A

Neutrophils

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4
Q

What type of cell is raised during viral infection?

A

Lymphocytes

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5
Q

What type of cell is raised during parasitic infection?

A

Eosinophil

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6
Q

What is the definition of anaemia?

A

Low concentration of haemoglobin

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7
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells that help form clots to stop bleeding

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8
Q

What is the coulter principle?

A

Principle of cell counting

Blood cells are poor conductors of electricity - cells in conducting medium - increase in electrical impedance as each cell passes through aperture

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9
Q

What is the equation of normal ESR for men and women?

A

Men: age/2
Women: age+10/2

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10
Q

What structure on the RBC binds acute phase proteins?

A

Sialic acid

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11
Q

What are the causes of normocytic anaemia?

A

Acute blood loss

Anaemia of chronic disease

Bone marrow issues

Renal failure (decreased EPO production)

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12
Q

What are the causes of microcytic anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency

Thalassaemia

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13
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of iron deficiency?

A

Pallor

SOB

TATT

Glossitis

Spoon nails

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14
Q

What causes microcytic anaemia?

A

Non-megaloblastic (large RBC with no DNA involvement):
Alcohol or liver disease

Megaloblastic (large RBC with DNA affected):
B12 and folate def, chemotherapy, HIV treatment

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15
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of B12 and folate deficiency?

A

Weight loss

Fatigue

Glossitis

Jaundice

Dementia

Paraesthesiae

Neuropathy

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16
Q

What does poikilocytosis mean?

A

Variation in shape

17
Q

What does anisocytosis mean?

A

Variation in size

18
Q

What may cause dimorphic RBCs?

A

Responding anaemia or post-transfusion

19
Q

What may cause decreased production of platelets (thrombocytopenia)?

A

Congenital - rare

Acquired - BM damage, alcohol, haem malignancy

20
Q

What may cause increased destruction of platelets (thrombocytopenia)?

A

Congenital - maternal antibodies

Acquired - ITP, infections (bacterial/viral/parasitic), drug induced

21
Q

What may cause thrombocythaemia?

A

High platelet count

Primary - malignant proliferative disorder (pre-leukaemia)

Secondary (reactive) - infection, inflammation, haemorrhage

22
Q

What may cause neutrophillia (high neutrophils)?

A

Acute and chronic bacterial infections

Some viral, fungal, parasitic infections

Tissue damage

Inflammation

Etc…

23
Q

What may cause neutropenia (low neutrophils)?

A

Drugs (anti-cancer)

Bacterial infections

Some viral, fungal, parasitic infections

Irradiation

Aplastic anaemia

24
Q

What can happen to neutrophils in disease?

A

Left shifted (immature) - infection, leukaemia

Toxic granulation - infection

Myelocytes (very immature neuts) - severe infection, leukaemia

Hypersegmented (right shifted) - megaloblastic conditions e.g. B12 folate def

25
Q

What may cause lymphocytosis?

A

Viral infection (measles, chicken pox)

Some bacterial infections

Stress related (post MI)

Vigorous exercise

Smoking

Lymphoproliferative disorders (CLL)

26
Q

What may cause lymphocytopenia?

A

AIDs/HIV

Acute stress (surgery/trauma)

Carcinoma

Cytotoxic therapy

27
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Disease resulting from neoplastic proliferation of haemopoietic or lymphoid cells (myeloid or lymphoid)

Acute: Primitive cells affected, complete block in maturation, can have normal WBC count but bc they are not normal they get symptoms (death in weeks if untreated)

Chronic: Divide out of control and are able to mature, many white cells, most are mature (death in months/years if untreated)

28
Q

Which drug affects PT?

A

Warfarin

29
Q

Which drug affects HPTT?

A

Heparin

T2: Theme 2: Blood (8 decks)

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