Lecture 9: Developmental Origins of Vascular Dysfunction

Question 1

What is the blood vessel structure?

Answer 1

Question 2

What does tunica adventitia merge with?

Answer 2

Connective tissue

Question 3

What responds to vasoconstrictors/dilators?

Answer 3

Smooth muscle

Question 4

What produces vasoconstrictors/dilators?

Answer 4

Endothelium

Question 5

What is the NO pathway of relaxation?

Answer 5

Ach binds to receptor - eNOS increased - NO - cGMP - relaxation

Question 6

What is the PGI2 pathway of relaxation?

Answer 6

ACh - COX - PGI2 - cAMP - relaxation

Question 7

What is the EDHF pathway of relaxation?

Answer 7

ACh - increase Ca - hyperpolarization (change in potassium) - relaxation

Question 8

What do smaller arteries become and what relaxation pathways do they rely on?

Answer 8

Resistance arteries - rely on all three pathways

Question 9

What relaxation pathway do bigger vessels rely on?

Answer 9

NO

Question 10

What does ACh affect?

Answer 10

Endothelium

Question 11

What does nitroglycerin do?

Answer 11

Acts on vascular smooth muscle

Question 12

What are the changes to ACh and nitroglycerin in babies born small?

Answer 12

Reduced response to ACh (reduced relaxation - reduced endothelial function) No change to nitroglycerin response - no damage to smooth muscle

Question 13

What happens to carotid artery stiffness in babies born small?

Answer 13

Increased

Question 14

What is wire myography?

Answer 14

Measure ability of blood vessels to constrict/dilate in response to a particular drug

Question 15

What happens to BP when mothers have a 30% reduction in total diet?

Answer 15

Increase in MAP - initially more present in males but females catch up

Question 16

What does phenolephrin do?

Answer 16

Reduces sensitivity to U4 (thromboxane) - good because it reduces constriction but this response disappears with age

Question 17

What does thromboxane (U4) do?

Answer 17

Causes constriction - born to mum with restricted diet - increased sensitivity to U4 - bad - more constriction

Question 18

What happens if a mother reduces protein intake by 30%?

Answer 18

Dysfunction in endothelium (reduced ACh response) and dysfunction in vascular smooth muscle (SNP)

Question 19

What does SNP do?

Answer 19

Increases relaxation - acts on smooth muscle

Question 20

What happens to SNP affect with IUGR?

Answer 20

Curve shifted to right - smooth muscle disfunction- less vasodilator action (reduced cGMP pathway)

Question 21

What is the effect of alcohol?

Answer 21

Higher systolic BP, aorta is relaxing less

Question 22

What are mechanical wall properties?

Answer 22

Disable vascular smooth muscle and assess structure of vessel and its ability to stretch

Question 23

What do collagen and elastin cause?

Answer 23

Collagen – stiffness Elastin – compliance

Question 24

What is the stress strain curve and how is this affected by alcohol and IUGR?

Answer 24

Measure of how stiff the vessel is. IUGR and alcohol - curve is shifted to left - coronary artery is stiffer