Lecture 9 - Chapter 10 Flashcards
Forests cover about 31% of Earth’s land surface:
– Provide habitat, maintain soil, air, and water quality, and play key roles in biogeochemical cycles.
True or false?
True
Trees Have Several Basic Requirements, what are this requirements?
• For photosynthesis to occur
• Macronutrients
• Micronutrients
• Transpiration
Trees Have Several Basic Requirements, what happens • For photosynthesis to occur?
– An amenable temperature
– Air
– Light
– Soil
– Water
Trees Have Several Basic Requirements, what happens in • Macronutrients?
Required in large amounts (N, P, K, Mg,
Ca, S, C, etc.)
Trees Have Several Basic Requirements, what happens in • Micronutrients?
Required in small amounts (Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, etc.
Trees Have Several Basic Requirements, what happens in • Transpiration?
water loss from leaf surface, cools theplant as well as assisting in the movement of nutrients
– Water drawn up through xylem by adhesion and cohesion
– Useful to plant trees in close proximity to crops to make water more accessible to crops
What Is Canopy?
Upper level of leaves
What is Woodland?
Area has a more open canopy, allowing more light to penetrate to the forest floor.
What Are the Three Major Groups of Forest
Biomes?
- Boreal forest
- Temperate forest
- Tropical forest
What is Boreal forest?
Is Characterized by evergreen trees usually in:
– High-latitude forest
– Cold, dry climates with short growing seasons
– Stretches across Canada, Russia and Scandinavia
What is Temperate forest?
– Mid-latitude forest (Eastern North America, North-eastern Asia, and Western and Central Europe)
– Seasonal climate (winter season vs. summer growing season)
What is Tropical forest?
– Equatorial-latitude forest (South and Central America, equatorial Africa, and Indonesia and Southeast Asia)
– Wet, tropical climate
What are some examples of Drylands?
- Shrublands = wooded areas covered by shrubs and occasional taller trees (e.g.
tundra) - Savannah = open area dominated by grasses with widely scattered trees
- Grasslands = lands dominated by grasses and non-woody vegetation
Are Forests Grade into Open Wooded Lands
Called Drylands, true or false?
True
Canada Is a Steward for Much of the
World’s Forest
• Canada’s 348 million hectares of forested and other wooded land is
– 25% of the world’s natural forest
– 9% of the world’s forest cover
• Canada has the highest amount of forested land per capita in the world
• More than 50% of Canada’s primary forest remains more or less intact
True or false
True
Canada’s Forests Are Varied, what are they?
• Forests of the north: – Boreal forest (taiga) is the largest forested region of
Canada
– Every province except Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island
• Forests of the west: – Forest regions:
*Subalpine,
* montane forest region in BC, e.g.
– Rocky mountain douglas fir,
* Columbia.
– E.g. Engelmann spruce, alpine fir, lodgepole pines etc.
* Coastal
• Forests of the east:
– Forest regions covered by:
– Deciduous forests of
* Great-Lakes-St. Lawrence,
* Acadian
* Carounian
Forests Are Ecologically Valuable
• One of the richest ecosystems for biodiversity are?
– Structural complexity houses great biodiversity.
– Some animals adapted for living in canopy, others specialize on the subcanopies.
– Shrubs and groundcover plants of the understory are home to still more organisms.
– Fallen leaves and branches called litter, house still others.
– Forest edge can be quite different from habitat in the forest core.
A forest provides many
ecosystem services, what are this ecosystem services?
– Stabilizes soil and prevents erosion
– Slows runoff, lessens flooding, purifies water
– Stores carbon, releases oxygen, moderates
climate
What are some Forest Products Are Economically Valued?
• Benefits: fuel, shelter, transportation (ships), paper
• Helped society achieve a high standard of living
• Softwood = timber harvested from coniferous trees
• Hardwood = timber harvested from deciduous trees
• NTFPs = non-timber forest products such as medicinal, herbal, decorative and edible products
Timber Is Harvested by Several Methods, what are this methods?
• Clearcutting method
• Selection systems
Timber Is Harvested by Several Methods, what is • Clearcutting method?
All trees in an area are cut, leaving only stumps
– most cost-efficient
– greatest impacts on forest ecosystems
– mimics natural disturbances such as
fires
– enhances soil erosion
Timber Is Harvested by Several Methods, what is • Selection systems?
Only select trees are cut
– Single tree selection = widely spaced trees are cut
– Group tree selection = small patches of trees are cut
Timber Is Harvested by Several Methods
• Clearcutting method & • Selection systems but do they disturb the habitat?
All methods disturb the habitat
– Change forest structure and composition
– Increase erosion, siltation, runoff, flooding, landslides
What is Reforestation?
planting of trees after logging