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IMMUNO > LECTURE 9 > Flashcards

LECTURE 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 stages of B cells?

A
  1. generation of mature B cells
  2. activation upon encountering antigen
  3. differentiation into plasma and memory
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2
Q

considered to be _______ prior to encountering antigen

A

naive

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3
Q

interaction with antigen causes proliferation and differentiation

A

affinity maturation

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4
Q

what is the total antibody diversity

A

10^10

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5
Q

why is there a constant flow of B cells being killed and made

A

increases probability of a match

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6
Q

progenitor B cells develop in the

A

bone marrow

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7
Q

what are the 2 functions of stromal cells

A
  1. use VCAM to interact with VLA-4 on B cell
  2. uses SCF to interact with CKIT
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8
Q

what does the interaction of C-Kit on B cell by using stromal cell SCF allow

A

expression of IL7R on B cell

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9
Q

contact with stromal cell is no longer needed once ____ is expressed

A

IL7R

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10
Q

stromal cells secrete _____ which allows proliferation and maturation

A

IL7

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11
Q

IL7R + IL7 =

A

1st attempt at VDJ recombination to make B heavy chain

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12
Q

what is formed if the 1st attempt at VDJ recombination to make B heavy chain succeeds?

A

mIgM heavy chain

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13
Q

what does the mIgM heavy chain generate?

A

pre-B receptor

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14
Q

What 2 things does the mIgM heavy chain assemble with in order to make the pre-B receptor

A
  1. V PRE-B
  2. lambda 5
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15
Q

V PRE-B = _______ chain like sequence

A

variable

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16
Q

lambda 5 = ______ chain like sequence

A

constant

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17
Q

pre-B receptor assembles on cell surface with ______/_______ coreceptor

A

Iga/IgB

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18
Q

what does pre-B receptor assembly with Iga/Igb do?

A

starts 2nd attempt of VDJ recombination to make light chain

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19
Q

what happens if 2nd VDJ recombination occurs?

A

forms IgM with light and heavy

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20
Q

what happens after light chain and heavy chain are formed –> IgM

A

attempt antigen recognition

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21
Q

what happens if antigen recognition occurs?

A

apoptosis

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22
Q

what happens if no antigen recognition occurs?

A

IgD expression

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23
Q

does negative selection happen?

A

yes

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24
Q

does positive selection happen?

A

no

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25
Q

what are the 3 main stages of B cell trasnformation

A

progenitor, pre-B, immature

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26
Q

what are the 3 things expressed during progenitor B stage

A
  1. CD45R
  2. Iga/IgB coreceptor
  3. c-Kit
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27
Q

what is CD45R and what does it do?

A

Tyr phosphatase that regulates signal trasnduction

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28
Q

what does cKit do?

A

helps progression form progenitor stage to Pre-B stage

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29
Q

is CKIT expressed during pre-B stage?

A

no

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30
Q

what 2 things are produced during pre-B stage

A
  1. CD25 alpha chain of IL-2
  2. Pre-B cell receptor
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31
Q

for immature B cells,
no longer produce:
-
-
_____ is present
______ is initially absent

A

for immature B cells,
no longer produce:
- pre-B receptor
- CD25
mIgM is present
mIgD is initially absent

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32
Q

what trasnduces the signal for counter selection during development?

A

aggregation of BCR

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33
Q

in vitro, addition of what triggers crosslinking of BCRs and apoptosis?

A

anti-IgM

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34
Q

when trying to prove that aggregation and cross linking of BCRs causes apoptosis in vivo, both mice produced

A

immature B cells in bone marrow

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35
Q

when trying to prove that aggregation and cross linking of BCRs causes apoptosis in vivo, the H2K mouse produced __________ in circulation and the H2K/D mouse produced _________

A

mature B cells
no mature B cells

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36
Q

why were no mature B cells produced from H2K/D?

A

they recognized the H2D = cross linking

37
Q

what BCR mIM was introduced into the mice in the proving cross linking experiment

A

H2D

38
Q

what caused the rare instance of mature B cell from the H2K/D haplotype?

A

light chain editing

39
Q

what are the 2 types of antigens involved in B cell activation

A

thymus dependent and thymus independent

40
Q

2 requirements for thymus dependent antigens

A
  1. need direct contact with Th cell
  2. need presentation of antigen to be activated
41
Q

do thymus independent antigens require direct contact with Th cell?

A

no but might still need stimulation by ctyokines

42
Q

what are the 3 thymus independent antigens

A
  1. lipids
  2. repetitious proteins
  3. repetitious sugar
43
Q

what are the 2 types of thymus independent antigens?

A

TI-1 and TI-2

44
Q

is TI-1 specific or non-specific?

A

non-specific

45
Q

is TI-2 specific or non specific?

A

specific

46
Q

why does TI-2 require for activation?

A

cytokines produced by Th

47
Q

what happens with high doses for TI-1

A

1/3 proliferation

48
Q

what happens with low dose for TI-1

A

more specific proliferation

49
Q

is TI-1 functional in athymic mice?

A

yes

50
Q

is TI-2 functional in athymic mice?

A

no

51
Q

how to restore function in athymic mice for TI-2

A

injecting Th cells

52
Q

are TI-1 mitogen?

A

yes

53
Q

are TI-2 mitogens?

A

no

54
Q

TI-2 inactivate ____ ____ _____

A

immature B cells

55
Q

TI-1 & TI-2 cause no
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. no class switching
  2. no affinity maturation
  3. no immunological memory
56
Q
A
57
Q

activation of TI-1 involves PAMPS + TLR or cytokines?

A

PAMPS + TLR

58
Q

activation of TI-2 involved PAMPS + TLR or cytokines>?

A

cytokines

59
Q

what is the common signal for both TI-1 and TI-2

A

antigen interacts with mIg = crosslinking

60
Q

in regards to the pathway for B cell receptor activation, cross linking of mIg recruits _____

A

PTK

61
Q

what 3 things does PTK have?

A

BLK
FYN
LYN

62
Q

what does PTK component do?

A

phosphorylates ITAMS

63
Q

what happens once the ITAMS are phosphorylated?

A

recruit SYK

64
Q

what does SYK recruit

A

BTK

65
Q

what does BTK recruit?

A

BNLK

66
Q

what is the role of co-receptors?

A

provide co-stimulatory signal that enhances activation

67
Q

what 3 things does the co-receptor consist of for B cells?

A
  1. CD19
  2. CD21
  3. CD81
68
Q

out of the 3 co-receptor components, which one has cytosolic domains?

A

CD21 and CD19

69
Q

CD21 is a receptor for

A

C3d

70
Q

what do co-receptors basically do?

A

allow additional phosphorylation of ITAMS
–> more adaptors
–> more signals
–> lower # of antibodies that need to be crosslinked in order to activate T cell

71
Q

without co-receptor how many mIgM must bind to antigen for activation?

A

10^4

72
Q

with co-receptor how many mIgM must bind to antigen for activation

A

10^2

73
Q

BCR is ____ times more sensitive if co-receptor is present

A

100 times

74
Q

how many times greater was recombinant lysozyme response?

A

1000 to 10,000

75
Q

why was recombinant lysozyme so much more effective?

A

ensured recruitment of co-receptor

75
Q

most antigens require _______ cells to activate B cells

A

Th

76
Q

in terms of B cell and Th cell interaction, what does Ag binding to mIgM cause?

A

CD28 from T cell to interact with CD80/86 from B cell

77
Q

what happens once CD28 interacts with CD80/86 from B cell

A

T cell expresses CD40 and interacts with CD40 on B cell

78
Q

1st signal for Th cell and B cell interaction

A
  1. antigen binds to mIgM = crosslinking
79
Q

2nd signal for Th cell and B cell interaction

A

CD40 from B cell + CD40L

80
Q

what are haptens

A

antigens too small to elicit immune response

81
Q

conjugation of happen to a large carrier molecule increases

A

immunogenicity

82
Q

why do T cells have to see carrier in order to maintain immunological memory but B cells do

A

need to process and present carrier, super low chance of doing so

83
Q

what are the 2 primary sites for humoral response

A

spleen and lymph nodes

84
Q

antigens may be delivered and soluble antigens trapped by what 3 things?

A
  1. interdigitating dendritic cels
  2. macrophages
  3. follicular dendritic cells
85
Q

primary follicle

A

B cell activation

86
Q

germinal center

A

B cell proliferation and differntiation

87
Q

paracortex

A

initial T/B cell activation

88
Q
A

IMMUNO (1 decks)

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