Lecture 9 Flashcards
Plant Cycle
1) Mature plant w flowers
2) Transfer of pollen grains from ANTHER to STIGMA
3) Zygote is formed
4) Embryo
5) Fruit w seed
6) When seed is taken out, it gives a germinating seed
Fruit (Definition, Fertilization, & Types)
Definition: The whole product of development of the Gynaecium (ovary) due to fertilization.
It’s a developed ovary with a seed enclosed by the pericarp (ovary wall)
Fertilization:
1) Ovary —> Fruit
2) Ovarian Wall —> Fruit wall (Pericarp)
3) Ovules —> Seeds
Types:
Fruit made of Gynaecium is called TRUE fruit (Mango / Watermelon)
Fruit made of Gynaecium & other flower parts is called FALSE fruit (Apples)
Fruit made of WHOLE INFLORESCENCE is called COMPOUND/COMPOSITE fruit (Figs / Pineapples):
Fruit (Functions, Histology, & Microscpic Features)
Functions:
1) To protect the seed
2) To nourish the seed during development
Histology:
Fruit consists of; 1) Pericarp (modified ovary wall) and has 3 regions;
1) Exocarp (epicarp): The outermost epidermis w few to no stomata + trichomes.
-Thin & Membranous: Umbelliferae, Leather: Banana, Thick & Hard: Colocynth-
2) Mesocarp: The middle zone between the exocrp and the endocarp (vascular bundles exist here, may be parenchymatous) ex. Colocynth
-Has several layers w different types: SECRETORY tissues; oil cells (Pepper), oil glands (orage peel), oil ducts / Vittae in most umbelliferae fruits / laticeferous vessels (Poppy capsules)-
3) Endocarp: The innermost epidermis “Characteristic”
Capsicum —> Islands of lignified sclerenchyma
Umbelliferous fruits —> Parquetry layer (grps of diffrently oriented cells) (Fennel)
-Membranous: Date, Thick & Leathery: Cassia pods, Woody (fruit stone): Olive-
Umbelliferous Fruits (Characteristics & Members)
General Characteristics: PIC in S:10
1) Usually Cremocarps (entire or separated into Mericarps)
2) Carpophore which connects the 2 Mericarps
3) Carpophore is also attached to the Stalk
4) At apex of the fruit we have the Stylopod (made of the remains of the sepals & style)
Members of the Umbelliferae Family:
1) Fennel, 2) Anise, 3) Ammi visnaga, 4) Ammi majus, 5) Caraway, 6) Dill, & 7) Cumin
Bitter Fennel (Macroscopic & Constituents)
Description: True simple (single ovary) dry splitting fruits.
-Yellowish Green / Yellowish Brown OBLONG, elongated mericarps (free or attached each with 5 straight prominent ridges)
-Glabrous surface
Odor & Taste: Strongly Aromatic - Spicy, bittersweet, & Pungent.
Constituents:
- 2-5% VO: 1) Anethole: 60%-80%, 2) Estragole: 2%-5%, 3) Fenchone: 20%
- Monoterpenes: Alpha-pinene, limonene, & cis-ocimene
-FO
-Flavonoids
-Proteins & Carbs
-Coumarins (bergaptene & psoralene)
Bitter Fennel (Microscopic Features)
Microscopic Features: PIC in S:13
1) Fragments of the epicarp (in it is the Anomocytic stomata)
2) Reticulate parenchyma of the Mesocarp
3) Fragments of the endocarp (Parquetory parenchyma)
4) The Vittae (simple)
Sweet Fennel (Macroscopic & Constituents)
Description: Yellowish Green / Yellowish Brown
-Oval w Glabrous surface
Odor & Taste: Aromatic - Sweet & Agreeable
Constituents: 1.5%-3% EO: Trans-Anethole: 80%-90%, Estragole: 10%, Fechone: 1%
-Minor amounts of monoterpenes
-Fatty Acids
-Proteins & Carbs
-Flavonoids
-Coumarins
Sweet Fennel (Uses & Contraindications)
Uses:
1) Secretolytic (Anethole & Fenchone), antiseptic, & expectorant – clears the lungs, hence can be a gargle (antiseptic) / mild expectorant.
2) Mild carminative & spasmolytic in digestive disorders – by regulating peristalysis in the GIT
3) Combined w laxative to counteract the laxative’s mild cramps (decrease their gripping)
4) Lactagogue
5) Taste enhancer (flavouring agent)
6) Weight loss
*Commision E approved it for: Coughs, Bronchitis, & Dyspeptic complaints.
* VO has estrogenic activity
Contraindications:
-Pregnancy: in high doses, it’s a UTERINE STIMULANT (Emmenenagogue) = Miscarriage
-Children, pregnant women, & breast feeding: due to the estragole content = Carcinogenic & Genotoxic
Anise (Macroscopic & Constituents)
Description: Greyish Brown
-True simple dry splitting indehiscent fruit. Double mericarps, each w 5 ridges. Ovoid (pear) shaped.
-Rough urface due to the presence of short stiff hairs
Odor & Taste: strong aromatic agreeable / sweet aromatic taste
Constituents: 1.5%-5% VO: Trans-Anethole: 80%-95% (taste & smell), Anisealdehyde: 1.5%, Estragole: 2%-3%
-Methyl chavicol (1%-2%): smells like anise but doesn’t taste sweet.
-FO
-Proteins & Carbs
-Flavonoid Glycosides
Anise (Uses & Contraindications)
1) Expectorant, secretolytic, & secretomotoric (VO)
2) Carminative (children)
3) High doses: antispasmodic & antiseptic (VO)
4) Emmenagogue, Lactagogue (*estrogenic effect)
5) Flavoring Agent
6) Mild sedative activity
Tea Preparations: Single herb tea w fennel seed, caraway see, and peppermint leaf = Dyspepsia
Phytomedicine “Commission E”
- cough medicine
-common cold
-Mouth & Pharynx inflammation
-Dyspeptic complaints
-Loss of appetite (Stomachic)
Contraindications: Pregnant, breast-feeding, children… due to estragole content = Carcinogenic & Genotoxic
Anise (Microscopic features)
1) Fragments of the epicarp (Anomocytic stomata)
2) Branching Vittae
3) Conical non-glandular hair covered w warty cuticle
4) Endosperm with crystal calcium oxalate
Star Anise (Macroscopic & Constituents)
Description: inner Reddish Brown & outer Greyish Brown composite fruit
-Cork like, radially-arranged 6-11 boat-shaped follicles)
-Dried ripe fruit.
-Shiny chestnut brown seed
Odor & Taste: Anise-like - burning & spicy
Constituents: 5%-9% EO: Trans-Anethole: 80%-90%, Estragole: 6%, Anisaldehyde: –
-Monoterpenes: limonene & sesquiterpene
-Fatty Acids
-Flavonoids
Star Anise (Uses)
1) Aromatic & Spice
2) Bronchosecretolytic (expectorant) facilitates productive coughing
3) Spasmolytic & Carminative in GIT
4) Antiseptic
5) Lactagogue
6) Stomachic
7) Component of Alcoholic drinks, toothpastes, & candies
*Tamiflu -oseltamivir phosphate- made by the isolation of Shikimic acid from star anise
Ammi Visnaga (Macroscopic & Constituents)
Description: Greenish Brown w violet tinge
-Dried ripe fruit
-Small ovoid w glabrous surface
Odor & Taste: slight aromatic - aromatic bitter & slightly pungent
Constituents:
-Furano-chromones (bitter principle) -vinagin and Ks-
-Pyrano-coumarins -visnadin & samidin-
-Flavonoids -Quercetin & isohamnetin-
-VO (0.02%-0.03%)
-FO & Proteins
Ammi visnaga (Uses, SE, & Contraindications)
Uses:
1) Antispasmodic on smooth muscles + spasmolytic (Visnadin & Samidin coumarins) in GIT, Bronchi, Biliary tract…
2) Removes bladder & kidney small stones - by relaxing ureter muscles
3) Cramp-like GIT / Menstruation
4) Improves blood supply to the heart - by relaxing coronary arteries
5) Bronchial asthma (safe for all)
6) Diuretic
SE:
1) Photodermatitis (in sensitive ppl)–Avoid sunlight / UV while taking Khella
2) Prolonged use / overdose = Nausea, vertigo, constipation…
Contraidications:
1) Pregnancy (Emmenagogue due to Khellin)
