Lecture 8 - Veterinary Pharmacology Flashcards
What does veterinary pharmacology cover?
All aspects of using chemical and biological substances to treat diseases of animals.
What are the key factors to identify medications in a veterinary clinic?
- Classification of drug
- Form of drug
- Route of administration
- Method of administration
What are emetics?
Drugs used to induce vomiting.
What are antiemetics?
Drugs that relieve vomiting.
What are antidiarrheal agents?
Drugs used to lessen diarrhea.
What are cathartics?
Drugs that increase bowel motility or loosen stools.
What do antacids do?
Counteract stomach acid.
What is the definition of pharmacokinetics?
The study of the time course of drug concentrations in the animal.
What are the primary routes of drug absorption from environmental exposure in mammals?
- Gastrointestinal
- Dermal
- Respiratory
What is the ultimate route for drug elimination from the animal body?
The kidney.
What are the five factors that affect drug distribution in animals?
- Physiochemical properties of the compound
- Concentration gradient
- Ratio of blood flow to tissue mass
- Affinity of the chemical for tissue constituents
- Protein binding
What is the mechanism of action for H2-antihistamines?
Inactivate H2-receptors of parietal cells, decreasing histamine-evoked gastric secretions.
What are the therapeutic uses of H2-antihistamines?
- Treat gastritis
- Gastric ulcer/erosions
- Reflux esophagitis
Fill in the blank: The drug that inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase on the luminal membrane of parietal cells is known as a _______.
Proton pump inhibitor
What is the mechanism of action of misoprostol?
Inhibits gastric acid secretion and facilitates mucosal defenses and healing.
What are the therapeutic uses of sucralfate?
Provides treatment for GI ulceration and cytoprotection in mucosal disruption.
What is the role of apomorphine in veterinary medicine?
Stimulates dopaminergic receptors to induce vomiting in dogs.
What are central acting emetics?
Drugs that act on the central nervous system to induce vomiting.
True or False: Xylazine can induce vomiting in cats.
True
What is the function of protectants and adsorbents in treating GI disorders?
Coat and protect the intestinal mucosa.
What are some symptomatic therapies for GI disorders in animals?
- Protectants and adsorbents
- Motility modifying drugs
- Antimicrobial therapy
- Probiotics
- Analgesics
What is the recommended action for persistent vomiting or diarrhea in animals?
Correction of fluid and electrolyte balance.
What is the purpose of dietary modification in treating GI disorders?
To manage symptoms and promote recovery.
What are the two main functions of misoprostol?
- Inhibits gastric acid secretion
- Facilitates mucosal defenses and healing
What should be avoided when treating acute diarrhea in animals?
Anticholinergics, as they can potentiate ileus.
What are the effects of drug absorption depending on the physicochemical properties?
Administration with food may significantly increase or decrease absorption.
What is the significance of pharmacokinetics in veterinary medicine?
Predicts drug effect based on drug presence at its site of action.
What are the methods of drug administration in animals?
- Injection
- Oral
- Topical
- Aerosol
What is the role of opioids in veterinary analgesia?
Alleviate visceral pain in animals.
Fill in the blank: The larger the gauge number, the _______ the needle.
smaller
What are injectable drugs?
Drugs administered via a needle and syringe.
What is the mechanism of action of phenothiazines?
Blockade of dopamine (D2)-receptors in the CRTZ.
What types of drugs are used to reduce acid secretion and provide mucosa protection?
- Gastric secretory inhibitors
- Mucosal cytoprotectants
What are antidopaminergic agents used for?
They are used as antiemetics to block dopamine (D2)-receptors in the CRTZ.
How do phenothiazines exert their antiemetic action?
By blockade of dopamine (D2)-receptors in the CRTZ.
What dual actions does metoclopramide have?
Central and peripheral antiemetic actions.
What is the central action of metoclopramide?
Blockade of dopamine receptors in the CRTZ and inhibition of serotonin receptors at higher doses.
What is the peripheral action of metoclopramide?
Stimulation of the motility of the stomach and duodenum via increased smooth muscle sensitivity to acetylcholine.
How do butyrophenones like haloperidol function as antiemetics?
By blockade of dopaminergic neurons in the CRTZ via affinity for D2-receptors.
What is the role of antihistaminic agents in antiemesis?
They block histaminergic and cholinergic afferents from vestibular organs to the vomiting center.
What condition are antihistaminic agents particularly useful in preventing?
Motion sickness in dogs.
What do anticholinergic agents block in the context of vomiting?
Cholinergic afferents from the GI tract to the vomiting center.
How can anticholinergic agents be effective when combined with phenothiazines?
In controlling emesis arising from severe gastroenteritis.
What is the combination of isopropamide and prochlorperazine known as?
Darbazine.
What do antiserotonergic agents like ondansetron and dolasetron inhibit?
Serotonin type 3 (5-HT3) receptors.
What is the mechanism of action of ondansetron and dolasetron?
Inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors which blocks neurotransmission by closing sodium channels.
What therapeutic uses do ondansetron and dolasetron have?
Control emesis in dogs undergoing cancer chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
What are examples of alimentary demulcents/adsorbents that may reduce vomiting?
Kaolin, pectin, or bismuth salts.
What type of drugs can reduce vomiting in cases of gastric hyperacidity?
Gastric antacids such as magnesium hydroxide, magnesium silicate, aluminum hydroxide, or aluminum silicates.
What is the mechanism of action of maropitant (Cerenia)?
It is a neurokinin (NK) receptor antagonist.
What is the primary effect of cyproheptadine?
It is a serotonin antagonist that suppresses the satiety center in the hypothalamus.
In which species is cyproheptadine used as an appetite stimulant?
Cats and humans, but not in dogs.
What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines in appetite stimulation?
Suppression of the satiety center in the hypothalamus via increased GABA activity.
What is the primary therapeutic use of diazepam in appetite stimulation?
Short-term stimulation of appetite in cats.
What is the unknown mechanism by which glucocorticoids stimulate appetite?
It may be due to euphoria from the increased feeling of well-being.
How are glucocorticoids administered in small animals?
Prednisolone or prednisone is given once every other day.
What is the definition of obesity in terms of body weight?
Exceeding ideal body weight by 20% or more.
What is the most common cause of obesity?
Overconsumption of food combined with inadequate exercise.
What is the mechanism of action of dirlotapide?
It is a selective microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitor.
What health risks are associated with obesity in dogs?
Increased risk for musculoskeletal disease, hypertension, peripheral insulin antagonism, osteoarthritis, and cardiopulmonary diseases.
What does pancrelipase consist of?
Pancreatic enzymes including lipase, amylase, and protease derived from porcine pancreas.
What is the primary use of pancrelipase?
To treat exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs and cats.
What is the maintenance dosage for pancrelipase in dogs weighing 20–30 kg?
1 tsp/meal.
