Lecture 8: OHS Management & System Safety

Question 1

In what aspects does OHS management differ the most?

Answer 1

• Countries
• Economic sectores
• Sizes of enterprise

Question 2

What are the differnece on country level in terms of OHS Management?

Answer 2

→ incidence of workplace fatalities varies between countries

• huge difference between developed and developing countries:
• e.g in Pakistan a worker is 8 times more likely to be killed than in a factory in france

-fatlities in transports are 10 times more likey to happen in Kenya then in Denmark

Question 3

What are the differnece on country level in terms of OHS Management?

Answer 3

→ OHS performance varies between economical sectors

• highest death in agriculture, forestry and construction
• certain sectores (meat packaging and mining) have high rate of work-related, fatal diseases

Question 4

What are the differnece on Sizes of enterprise level in terms of OHS Management?

Answer 4

→ small workplaces have worse OHS performance than large ones

-small workplaces (<50 people) have twice as much injuries than large ones (>200 people)

Question 5

What is OHS

Answer 5

→ extensive multidisciplinare field, invariably touching on issues related to scientific areas like medicine, physiology, ergonomics, physics and chemistry. But also technology economics, law specific to industries and activities

Question 6

What are the Core OSH principles? (1-3)

Answer 6

1. national system for occupational safety and health must be established
   → must include all mechanism/elements to build and maintain a preventice s/h culture. System must be maintain, develeloped and reviewed
2. OHS programmes and policies must aim at both prevention and protection
   -workplaces and environment should be planed/designed for s/h
3. Continous improvement of OHS must be promoted

Question 7

What are the Core OSH principles? (4-7)

Answer 7

• *4. Information is vital for the development and implementation of effective programmes and policies**
• collection of harards and risky materials, surveillance of workplaces

5. Health promotion is essential for OHS. Workers should have a physical, mental and social well-beeing

• *6. OHS should cover als workers**
• workers of all categories of economic activity should have access to services that are health related
• *7. Compensation, rehabilitation and curative services must be made availale to workers, who suffer from injuries/accidents**
• need for actions that minimize consequenses of occupational hazards

Question 8

Adden restliche Standarts

Question 9

Describe the OHS management cycle

Answer 9

1. Policy
2. Organizing
3. Planning and implementation
4. Evaluation
5. Action for improvement

→ focus on continual improvement

Question 10

What are the steps of the System safety process?

Answer 10

Question 11

What is the background of Risk Analysis Assessment?

Answer 11

• started in the missile production in the late 1940s
• further developed in the 1950s and 1960s

→ mainly in the areospace sector

Question 12

What is the difference between hazard and risks

Answer 12

→ Hazard: potential to cause harm, which can include substances or mashines, methods of work or other aspects of organization

→ Risk: the likelihood that the harm form a particular harads is realized (given a certain severity)
Risk = Problability * Severity

Question 13

What is identify and document risk mitigation measures?

Answer 13

-potential risk mitigations shall be identified, and the expected risk reductions of alternatives should be estimated and documented

→ goals is to eliminate the hazard if possible
-if hazard cant be eliminated, risk should be reduced to lowest level

-

Question 14

Reduce Risk step

Answer 14

→ Mitigation measures are selected and implemented to achives appeptable risk level

Question 15

Verify, validate, and document risk reduction step

Answer 15

→ verify the implemtation and validate the effectivness of all selected risk mitigation measures thourgh analysis, testing, demonstration or inspection

Question 16

What is a Risk assessment Matrix?

Answer 16

• simple tool to conduct subjective or objective risk assessment for use in hazard analysis
• designed in “ex ante” phase of a safety problem

→ only for risk that have few parameter, otherwise more complex methods are recommended

Question 17

What is the Aim of the process of safety system?

Answer 17

-desire to ensure that jobs/tasks are performed in safest manner possible, free from unacceptable risk of harm/damage
→ focus on management of hazards, their identification, evaluation, elimination and control

→ incorporates people, procedure, facility and/or epquipment that must operate within a specific work environment

Question 18

What are the two risk management risk management approaches?

Answer 18

1. Human factor based:
   -safety is relevant for protecting workers
   → behavoiur has to be in relation to instructions/procedures he has to follow
2. Workplace based:
   -center is arround the workplace
   → trying to make the workplace so safe, that every worker is safe
   → interaction between machinery/equipment and workplace

Question 19

What is the structure of EN ISO 14121?

Answer 19

→ risk assesment is a serias of logical steps to enable, in a systematic way, the analysis and evaluation of the risks associated with machinery

Question 20

What is the Reasons Model and what is its importance for risk management? + what are his hypothesizes?

Answer 20

• also called “swiss cheese” model
  → hazards can be prevent to cause human losses/injuries by a series of barriers
• each barrier has its weakness/holes but many layers cut off paths
  → prevent and protective measures all have its flaws, no barrier is perfect

-most accidents can be traced to one of 4 levels of failure:
organizational influences, unsafe supervison, preconditions for unsafe acts, unsafe acts themselves

→ system only produces failures if one hazard slides through all barriers

Question 21

What is the Human Behaviour Theory?

Answer 21

Watafak

Question 22

What is the Bow-Tie-Analysis?

Answer 22

→ structures way to explaing risk

1. Risk source,
2. Causes
3. Single event
4. Multiple events

Question 23

What is HAZOP?

Answer 23

“Hazard and Operability study”

• controlled technical brainstorming session that start during the preliminary desgin phase
• based on the analysis of nodes
• with guide words the team analyses the question what happens when prcoess deviates in some areas

Question 24

What are the steps of HAZOP?

Answer 24

1. Define objectives and scope
2. Select the HAZOP team
3. Conduct the HAZOP analysis
4. Document the results
5. Track the hazard control implementation

Question 25

What is the Node of a HAZOP?

Answer 25

→ node is a location where process parameter can change (e.g pipiing diagram)

1. interfaces of functional areas in the plant
2. significant changes in process parameters
3. interface points of major piece of hardware
4. a pipeline connecting to major plant processes

Question 26

which information and data can be used for HAZOP?

Answer 26

→ different source of information and data must be used

1. process and instrument drawings
2. facility drawings
3. process flow diagramms
4. operating parameters and operation procedures
5. equipment specifications
6. past maccident or incident reports, hazarad analyses…

Question 27

what are the guide words in an Hazard and Operatability Study

Answer 27

no, more, less, as well as, part of, reverse, other than..

Question 28

what is the Failure Mode Analysis (FMEA)

Answer 28

= is an analysis tool, that identifies all the ways a particualr item can fail and whats its effects would be on the system/subsystem/functions/components

• the analysis assumes that a failure mode occures and caus a failure→ correspond effects are determined as well as its causes = failure mechanism
• FMEA is a reliability engineering tool not primary safety engineering tool

→ quite powerful tool for the analysis of variations

Question 29

what are the two kinds of FMEA

Answer 29

• product/plant FMEA= adress potential failure modes of a system
• process FMEA=adresses potential failure mode arising during business process execution

Question 30

what are the diverse Failure mode and causes?

Answer 30