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2nd year sem 1: Forensic Genetics > Lecture 8: Mitochondrial DNA (unfinished ) > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Mitochondrial DNA (unfinished ) Flashcards

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1
Q

what DNA markers are shuffled with each generation?

A

Autosomal

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2
Q

Lineage Markers are passed on how ?

A

passed down generations

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3
Q

mitochondrial DNA is inherited from?

A

mum

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4
Q

mitochondrial DNA stay stem same for who?

A

child, mother, grandmother etc. only mutations cause changes

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5
Q

does everyone have mitochondrial DNA?

A

yes

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6
Q

Lineage markers are not as great at identifying people as what?

A

nuclear DNA

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7
Q

where is majority of Human DNA located?

A

in the nucleus

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8
Q

when can it be hard to obtain nuclear DNA?

A

Ancient DNA
Badly degraded
Bone, teeth, hair

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9
Q

if theres no direct relatives to act as refrences, what used instead of nuclear DNA?

A

mitochondrial

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10
Q

where is mitochondria found?

A

cells cytoplasm

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11
Q

what does mitochondria contain?

A

several strands and loops of mitochondrial DNA - can contain 1000’s of copies of DNA

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12
Q

Mitochondrial DNA has a ___ copy rate.

A

high

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13
Q

Mitochondrial main

responsibility is what?

A

Responsible for energy production – 90% of the energy required by the cell

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14
Q

mitochondria converts what?

A

Convert food energy -> Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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15
Q

in every mitochondria how many copies of DNA is there?

A

1-15 copies mtDNA per mitochondria (average 4-5)

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16
Q

why is mitochondria DNA used for degraded samples?

A

because of the high copy number of mtDNA

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17
Q

mtDNA survives traumatic experiences and in ancient tissues because what?

A

It has 2 cell walls ,resistant to nucleases which degrade DNA

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18
Q

mtDNA can be tracked over generations because?

A

No recombination

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19
Q

whats the shape of mtDNA?

A

Circular DNA molecule ( not helix )its a loop

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20
Q

is mtDNA double stranded?

A

yes

21
Q

what are the two strands of mtDNa?

A

Heavy strand = purine-rich (A/G)

Light strand = pyrimidine rich (C/T)

22
Q

mt DNA has how many base pairs? how many genes does it code for?

A

16,569 , codes for 37 genes

23
Q

what’s the control region in the mtDNA?

A

Displacement loop (d-loop)

24
Q

mtDNA is separated at which part?

A

at the d-loop

25
Q

nucDNA and mtDNA which one mutates faster?

A

mtDNA mutation rate is 10x greater than for nucDNA

26
Q

what 2 main regions of mtDNA do we go to every time?

A

Hypervariable region 1 and Hypervariable region 2

27
Q

where are the Hypervariable regions located?

A

within the d-loop

28
Q

why does mtDNA mutate rapidly?

A
  • Fewer DNA repair mechanisms
  • a lack of proof-reading capabilities in the mtDNA polymerase
  • replicates frequently
  • vulnerable to cumulative damage from free radicals generated by the electron transport chain
29
Q

the d loop is a what region?

A

a non coding region

30
Q

where do mutations happen in mt DNA?

A

in the d-loop

31
Q

do the mutation sin mtDNA affect cell function?

A

no

32
Q

the d-loop does not?

A

code for nay gene product s

33
Q

why does mtDNA not come form dads?

A

sperm mid-piece contains around 50-75 mitochondria, small amount

34
Q

how much mtDNA does the egg contain compared to sperm?

A

mtDNA copy number in the egg exceeds that in the sperm by at least a factor of 1000

35
Q

what happens to the sperms mtDNA?

A

When the sperm penetrates the egg it is thought that the paternal mtDNA is either actively removed (no evidence), or diluted beyond recognition

36
Q

mtDNA is referred to as what?

A

a haplotype

37
Q

what does a haplotype mean?

A

only one copy of the genome

38
Q

How are Haplogroups useful?

A
  • tracking migration

- can show geographical clustering

39
Q

mtDNA vs nucelar DNA, what are the differences?

A
  • 3.2 billion bp fo rnucDNA vs 16569 for mtDNA
  • mtDNA more copies , Nuclear DNA 2 copies
  • NucDNA linear structure, mtDNA circular structuren
  • mtDNA form mum nut from both
  • nuc DNA unique to individual mtDNA not
40
Q

what percent is mtDNA fo rate total cell DNA?

A

0.25%

41
Q

how many variable regions ar ether within the d-loop?

A

3 regions

42
Q

how long id the d loop in terms of bp?

A

It is ~1100bp long

43
Q

HV I and HV II are found in the ?

A

control region. no personal info.

44
Q

HV I and HV II have the feastest rate of?

A

mutation, good for tracking

45
Q

Bases 16024-16365 covers ?

A

HVR1

46
Q

HVR2 covers what bases?

A

73-340

47
Q

when is HVR3 used?

A

when we are struggling with using the other areas

48
Q

what can cause differences in mtDNA?

A
  • substitutions
  • insertions
  • deletions
49
Q

stoped at slide

A

17 pb 1:15

2nd year sem 1: Forensic Genetics (8 decks)

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