Lecture 8 - Language Production Flashcards
What are the mainstream tools for communication?
Speaking and Writing
What can we use for communication?
Signing tools
What is the similarity between speaking and writing?
They are for communication.
What is the difference between speaking and writing in terms of _____-bound and permanence?
Speech is time-bound and transient while writing is space-bound andpermanent.
What is the difference between speaking and writing in terms of documentation?
Writing is easier to document as speech information requires more space to be stored forever.
Writing or speaking occupies a higher information>
Speech occupies a much higher information than writing.
Speech or writing needs more preparation time?
Writing needs more preparation time than speech as it needs much more information to provide for writing.
________ can carry more information in social attributes?
Speech can carry more information in social attributes as you can convey information in literal, cultural and emotional aspects in speech while you can only convey literal information in writing.
How can you obtain a person’s condition in speech?
Non-literal information like the tone of voice in speech
What is human’s speaking rate?
120 - 200 words per minute
Information rate in handwriting?
13 words per minute
Information rate in computer keyboard typing?
40 words per minute
Speaking or writing has a higher information rate?
Speaking has a much higher information rate than writing.
Different languages have different language f_______ and have different s_________ r________.
Different languages have different language features and have different speech rates.
How can we calculate and compare the speed of speaking?
We can compare the speed of speaking by calculating how many syllables the person can produce each minute.
How can speech rate be calculated?
Syllable rate
In addition to speech rate, what do we need to calculate the information rate?
We need to consider how much information is carried in each syllable.
How to calculate information rate?
Information carried per syllable * syllable rate
Different languages have similar/different information rate?
Different languages have similar information rate.
What are the four stages in speech processing?
- Semantic level
- Syntactic level
- Morphological Level
- Phonological Level
What level is the semantic level?
Planning level
What is semantic level about?
Semantic level is about the meaning of what is being said by first organising the meaning and intention.
What is syntactic level?
It is the grammatical structure of the words in the planned utterance.
What is being done at the syntactic level?
We organise syntactic structure by organising words in a correct order.
What is morphological level?
It is tho access the form of words, which are the morphemes (the basic unit of meaning).
What is activated and accessed in the morphological level?
Every single feature of the unit of word
What can morpheme be?
Phoneme and Grapheme
What is the phonological level?
It is about the phonemes, which is the basic unit of sound and is activated when accessing speech.
In what order does the four stages in speech processing take place?
The four stages take place in chronological order.
What can reflect the temporal being swapped in terms of speech production stages?
The temporal order may swap in some cases that can be reflected by speech errors due to the temporal swap of different stages as your brain runs too fast.
Speech planning is i______________.
Incremental (accumulating more evidence)
What bounds the speech planning?
Working memory capacity
There is a trade-off between speech f_______ and speech e________.
There is a trade-off between speech fluency and speech error
- speaks very fast -> higher chance of more speech errors
- speaks very slow -> lower chance of having speech errors
What reflects the speech planning processes?
Speech errors
Speech error is systematic or random?
Systematic as there is a pattern in speech error
What is spoonerism?
The initial letter(s) of the two words are switched
The switch of the inital words of two levels are switched refer to what evidence?
The evidence that we access speech in a consonant level as error can be broken down.
What are the errors that reveal subconscious level (accidentally reveal the real feelings that are not intended)?
Freudian slip
What evidence does freudian slip show?
The evidence that semantic level can be switched.
What is semantic substitution error?
It replaces a planned word by a word with similar meaning.
What does semantic substitution error reflect?
The grammatical structure is planned before selection of words.
What is subject-verb agreement error related to?
Working memory load and Language proficiency
How is spontaneous speech planning organised?
In an unplanned way
Spontaneous speech planning is highly demanding in what area?
Working memory and Idea generation
Why is spontaneous speech planning highly demanding?
It needs to organise so much information in the brain that requires highgate’s working memory and idea generation.
What is idea generation?
We need to constantly generate ideas and select the good combination of words, sentences or phrases to make a fluid, logical speech.
Due to what limitation, do we need to do continuous idea generation?
As we have limited working memory, we cannot thin of the words that are being said later.
How can we cope with the cognitive demand of spontaneous speech production? (3 strategies)
- Using simple syntactic structure
- Inevitably using some undesirable techniques (e.g. pauses, speech fillers)
- Underspecification (saying something like “or something” and “things like that”)
What is preformulation?
Techniques to use some technical words in speech
What process can extensive exercise help turn into?
Extensive exercise can turn controlled processes into automatic processes.
What is controlled processes?
You are not familiar/ not experienced with the skills.
What are automatic processes?
You are very familiar with the procedure and no additional brain power is needed to do the thing.
What starts the cognitive model of spelling and writing based dictation?
Auditory input will first be heard and start to analyse acoustic features associated with the word that is for acoustic analysis
What is identified after acoustic analysis in the cognitive model of spelling and writing based dictation?
Auditory input lexicon that is related to the sound features
What is being identified after identification of auditory input lexicon?
Phonological output lexicon to identify how you produce the sound using articulators.
What is ready after identifying phonological output lexicon?
Phonological buffer to produce speechbased on whether you write/ say the word.
What is semantic system?
You conceptually understand the thing through the meaning or identification of the thing.
What can you activate after you understand the thing in semantic system?
Phonological output lexicon (speech) and Graphemic output lexicon (writing)
What can phonological output lexicon be converted to?
Graphemic output lexicon
What influences the phonological output lexicon?
Semantic system
What is graphemic output lexicon about?
It is about how to write the word.
What is accessed to write the thing?
Long-term memory pool
What conversion can be done and that happens more in English?
Phoneme-grapheme conversion
What helps you to remember/ recall the kinematic about how to write the word?
Graphemic motor programs
What does graphemic inventory patterns do?
It has a pattern to command how every single muscle is engaged in the movement through innervation of nuerons.
What does allographic memory store do?
It tells you how to write in different ways contributing to the same word (unit of grapheme).
What is the cognitive model of spelling and writing based dictation based on?
It is based on the task of dictation ask someone to repeat the word by writing and speaking.
