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SHSC 2035 Exam > Lecture 8 - Language Production > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Language Production Flashcards

1
Q

What are the mainstream tools for communication?

A

Speaking and Writing

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2
Q

What can we use for communication?

A

Signing tools

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3
Q

What is the similarity between speaking and writing?

A

They are for communication.

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4
Q

What is the difference between speaking and writing in terms of _____-bound and permanence?

A

Speech is time-bound and transient while writing is space-bound andpermanent.

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5
Q

What is the difference between speaking and writing in terms of documentation?

A

Writing is easier to document as speech information requires more space to be stored forever.

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6
Q

Writing or speaking occupies a higher information>

A

Speech occupies a much higher information than writing.

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7
Q

Speech or writing needs more preparation time?

A

Writing needs more preparation time than speech as it needs much more information to provide for writing.

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8
Q

________ can carry more information in social attributes?

A

Speech can carry more information in social attributes as you can convey information in literal, cultural and emotional aspects in speech while you can only convey literal information in writing.

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9
Q

How can you obtain a person’s condition in speech?

A

Non-literal information like the tone of voice in speech

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10
Q

What is human’s speaking rate?

A

120 - 200 words per minute

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11
Q

Information rate in handwriting?

A

13 words per minute

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12
Q

Information rate in computer keyboard typing?

A

40 words per minute

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13
Q

Speaking or writing has a higher information rate?

A

Speaking has a much higher information rate than writing.

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14
Q

Different languages have different language f_______ and have different s_________ r________.

A

Different languages have different language features and have different speech rates.

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15
Q

How can we calculate and compare the speed of speaking?

A

We can compare the speed of speaking by calculating how many syllables the person can produce each minute.

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16
Q

How can speech rate be calculated?

A

Syllable rate

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17
Q

In addition to speech rate, what do we need to calculate the information rate?

A

We need to consider how much information is carried in each syllable.

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18
Q

How to calculate information rate?

A

Information carried per syllable * syllable rate

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19
Q

Different languages have similar/different information rate?

A

Different languages have similar information rate.

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20
Q

What are the four stages in speech processing?

A
  1. Semantic level
  2. Syntactic level
  3. Morphological Level
  4. Phonological Level
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21
Q

What level is the semantic level?

A

Planning level

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22
Q

What is semantic level about?

A

Semantic level is about the meaning of what is being said by first organising the meaning and intention.

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23
Q

What is syntactic level?

A

It is the grammatical structure of the words in the planned utterance.

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24
Q

What is being done at the syntactic level?

A

We organise syntactic structure by organising words in a correct order.

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25
Q

What is morphological level?

A

It is tho access the form of words, which are the morphemes (the basic unit of meaning).

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26
Q

What is activated and accessed in the morphological level?

A

Every single feature of the unit of word

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27
Q

What can morpheme be?

A

Phoneme and Grapheme

28
Q

What is the phonological level?

A

It is about the phonemes, which is the basic unit of sound and is activated when accessing speech.

29
Q

In what order does the four stages in speech processing take place?

A

The four stages take place in chronological order.

30
Q

What can reflect the temporal being swapped in terms of speech production stages?

A

The temporal order may swap in some cases that can be reflected by speech errors due to the temporal swap of different stages as your brain runs too fast.

31
Q

Speech planning is i______________.

A

Incremental (accumulating more evidence)

32
Q

What bounds the speech planning?

A

Working memory capacity

33
Q

There is a trade-off between speech f_______ and speech e________.

A

There is a trade-off between speech fluency and speech error
- speaks very fast -> higher chance of more speech errors
- speaks very slow -> lower chance of having speech errors

34
Q

What reflects the speech planning processes?

A

Speech errors

35
Q

Speech error is systematic or random?

A

Systematic as there is a pattern in speech error

36
Q

What is spoonerism?

A

The initial letter(s) of the two words are switched

37
Q

The switch of the inital words of two levels are switched refer to what evidence?

A

The evidence that we access speech in a consonant level as error can be broken down.

38
Q

What are the errors that reveal subconscious level (accidentally reveal the real feelings that are not intended)?

A

Freudian slip

39
Q

What evidence does freudian slip show?

A

The evidence that semantic level can be switched.

40
Q

What is semantic substitution error?

A

It replaces a planned word by a word with similar meaning.

41
Q

What does semantic substitution error reflect?

A

The grammatical structure is planned before selection of words.

42
Q

What is subject-verb agreement error related to?

A

Working memory load and Language proficiency

43
Q

How is spontaneous speech planning organised?

A

In an unplanned way

44
Q

Spontaneous speech planning is highly demanding in what area?

A

Working memory and Idea generation

45
Q

Why is spontaneous speech planning highly demanding?

A

It needs to organise so much information in the brain that requires highgate’s working memory and idea generation.

46
Q

What is idea generation?

A

We need to constantly generate ideas and select the good combination of words, sentences or phrases to make a fluid, logical speech.

47
Q

Due to what limitation, do we need to do continuous idea generation?

A

As we have limited working memory, we cannot thin of the words that are being said later.

48
Q

How can we cope with the cognitive demand of spontaneous speech production? (3 strategies)

A
  • Using simple syntactic structure
  • Inevitably using some undesirable techniques (e.g. pauses, speech fillers)
  • Underspecification (saying something like “or something” and “things like that”)
49
Q

What is preformulation?

A

Techniques to use some technical words in speech

50
Q

What process can extensive exercise help turn into?

A

Extensive exercise can turn controlled processes into automatic processes.

51
Q

What is controlled processes?

A

You are not familiar/ not experienced with the skills.

52
Q

What are automatic processes?

A

You are very familiar with the procedure and no additional brain power is needed to do the thing.

53
Q

What starts the cognitive model of spelling and writing based dictation?

A

Auditory input will first be heard and start to analyse acoustic features associated with the word that is for acoustic analysis

54
Q

What is identified after acoustic analysis in the cognitive model of spelling and writing based dictation?

A

Auditory input lexicon that is related to the sound features

55
Q

What is being identified after identification of auditory input lexicon?

A

Phonological output lexicon to identify how you produce the sound using articulators.

56
Q

What is ready after identifying phonological output lexicon?

A

Phonological buffer to produce speechbased on whether you write/ say the word.

57
Q

What is semantic system?

A

You conceptually understand the thing through the meaning or identification of the thing.

58
Q

What can you activate after you understand the thing in semantic system?

A

Phonological output lexicon (speech) and Graphemic output lexicon (writing)

59
Q

What can phonological output lexicon be converted to?

A

Graphemic output lexicon

60
Q

What influences the phonological output lexicon?

A

Semantic system

61
Q

What is graphemic output lexicon about?

A

It is about how to write the word.

62
Q

What is accessed to write the thing?

A

Long-term memory pool

63
Q

What conversion can be done and that happens more in English?

A

Phoneme-grapheme conversion

64
Q

What helps you to remember/ recall the kinematic about how to write the word?

A

Graphemic motor programs

65
Q

What does graphemic inventory patterns do?

A

It has a pattern to command how every single muscle is engaged in the movement through innervation of nuerons.

66
Q

What does allographic memory store do?

A

It tells you how to write in different ways contributing to the same word (unit of grapheme).

67
Q

What is the cognitive model of spelling and writing based dictation based on?

A

It is based on the task of dictation ask someone to repeat the word by writing and speaking.

SHSC 2035 Exam (4 decks)

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