Lecture 8: Immunological Memory and Vaccination

Question 1

What are the two goals that are achieved against a pathogen during primary response?

Answer 1

1. Developing a powerful force of effector cells and molecules that ends the
   infection as rapidly as possible
2. Building up an immunological memory (a reserve of long-lived B cells
   and T cells called memory cells)

Question 2

The in the termination of an illness what happens within the primary response?

Answer 2

raised levels of high-affinity pathogen-specific Ab are present throughout the blood, lymph, and tissues, or at every mucosal surface

Ab secreted by plasma cells residing in the bone marrow or in the tissue
beneath a mucosal surface provide protective immunity

Question 3

Long lived pathogen specific memory T cells and memory
B cells are produced in the primary immune response.
What Memory cells mirror that of the pathogen-specific effector
cells?

Answer 3

• CD8
• CD4 TH1
• CD4 TH2
• CD4 TH17
• CD4 TFH
• Memory B cells
• Long lived plasma cells secreting Abs

Question 4

What are the memory cells advantages that
enable them to respond more forcefully than was possible for naïve lymphocytes
during primary response?

Answer 4

-Pathogen-specific memory cells outnumber their naïve counterparts

• Memory cells are more readily activated than naïve lymphocytes
• Memory B cells have undergone isotype switching, somatic hypermutation, and
  affinity maturation – make better antibody
• Pathogen activated memory B cells go through further refinement – improve Ab
  for faster clearance of pathogen

Question 5

In responding to infection ……

Answer 5

a large wave of short-lived plasma cells is followed by a
smaller, selected group of long-lived plasma cells.

Question 6

The amount and affinity of antibody increase after
successive immunizations with the same antigen :

what happens in primary response?

Answer 6

low-affinity IgM Ab are made first,
but then somatic hypermutation,
affinity maturation,
isotype switching give rise to high affinity IgG, IgA and IgE

Question 7

The amount and affinity of antibody increase after
successive immunizations with the same antigen :

what happens in primary response? Part 2

Answer 7

Memory B cells are derived from the clones of
B cells making Ab with the highest affinity for Ag

Affinity maturation during the secondary
immune response produces a generation of
memory B cells that are superior to the ones
after the primary response

Successive infections with the same antigen
sharpen the defenses of adaptive immunity and
immunological memory