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Coral Bio Exam 2 > Lecture 8 (Class Hydrozoa) > Flashcards

Lecture 8 (Class Hydrozoa) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 4 classes in Phylum Cnidaria (there are more than 4)?

A

1) Class Hydrozoa
2) Class Scyphozoa
3) Class Cuboza
4) Class Anthozoa

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2
Q

Class Cuboza contain what species?

A

Box jellies

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3
Q

Class Scyphozoa contain what species?

A

1) Moon jelly
2) Purple jelly

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4
Q

Class Anthozoa contain what species?

A

1) Anemone
2) Coral

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5
Q

Class Hydrozoa contain what species?

A

1) Hydra
2) Portuguese man of water

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6
Q

What are some of the Orders in Class Hydrozoa?

A

1) Order Milleporina
2) Order Stylasterina
3) Order Siphonophora

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7
Q

Order Milleporina are what species?

A

1) Fire corals
2) False corals

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8
Q

Order Stylasterina are what species?

A

Lace corals

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9
Q

Order Siphonophora are what species?

A

Portuguese man o’ water

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10
Q

Characteristics of Class Hydrozoa

A

1) Displays either polyp, medusa, or both
2) Mesoglea is NEVER cellular (jelly layer)
3) Gastroderm lacks nematocytes
4) Eggs and sperm are shed from the epidermis to the outside (not into GVC)
5) Most are colonial (but can be solitary)
6) Exhibit polymorphism (different individual for different functions; dactylozooid, gastrozooid, gonozoid)

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11
Q

What does it mean for a species to exhibit polymorphism?

A

They have different individual zooids for different functions

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12
Q

What zooids does Class Hydrozoa have?

A

1) Dactylozooid
2) Gastrozooid
3) Gonozoid

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13
Q

Characteristics of Order Milleporina (Fire corals, false corals/Genus Millepora)

A

1) Retains Class Hydrozoa characteristics
2) Colonial calcareous hydrozoan (produces calcium carbonate skeletons)
3) Considered a stony coral (but NOT scleractinian coral)
4) One of the few reef-building but nonscleractinian corals
5) Hermatypic but not coral, “false coral”
6) Aragonite calcium carbonate
7) Skeletal surface is smooth with many tiny pores and has a thin epidermal layer (no live tissue)

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14
Q

What is the Genus name for fire coral?

A

Genus Millepora

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15
Q

What does it mean for a species to be hermatypic?

A

Build reefs by depositing hard calcareous materials for their skeletons

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16
Q

Coral skeletons are made of __________, a form of calcium carbonate

A

aragonite

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17
Q

What do the pores on the skeletal surface of Order Milleporina contain?

A

One of two different kinds of polyps (Gastrozooid or dactylozooid)

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18
Q

Polyps are contained in pores called __________ and ___________.

A

Gastropores, dactylopores

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19
Q

Gastrozooids come out of ________, which contain polyps

A

Gastropores

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20
Q

Dactylozoids come out of ________, which contain polyps

A

Dactylopores

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21
Q

How are pores and polys arranged?

A

In a cyclosystem with 5-9 dactylopores surrounding a gastropore in a circular fashion (the gastrozoid is rarely seen)

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22
Q

T/F: Dactylozooids are mouthless

A

T

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23
Q

Dactylozooids are arranged around the __________

A

gastrozooids

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24
Q

What is the main source of prey capture for Order Milleporina?

A

Dactylozooids

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25
Q

How did Order Milleporina get its nickname “fire corals”?

A

Due to their density of dactylozooids and number of nematocytes

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26
Q

How do dactylozooids deliver prey to the gastrozooid?

A

The dactylozooids capture prey, bend downward, and deliver prey to the gastrozooid

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27
Q

How many types of cnidocyte does Milleporina possess?

A

One (it is unique to them)

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28
Q

What is a cnidocyte?

A

“Stinging cell”, a specialized cell that contains a large organelle called a cnidocyst which can deliver a toxic sting to other organisms

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29
Q

T/F: Milleporina do contain distinct cups or calyces

A

F (they do NOT have these)

30
Q

T/F: Milleporina contain zooxanthellae

A

T

31
Q

How many species of Milleporina exist?

A

48 nominal species (13 are currently extant)

32
Q

Describe the structure of Milleporina

A

1) Massive, but fragile
2) Encrusting colonies (grow low to ground, spreading)
3) Laminar and branching
4) Usually white, yellow, or mustard brown

33
Q

Milleporina contribute to _____ of all reef structures

A

1/3 (due to being hermatypic, opportunistic, and able to grow and spread quickly)

34
Q

Sexual reproduction (alteration of generations) in Milleporina is performed by ___________.

A

Gonazoids

35
Q

What is the sexual reproduction cycle for Milleporina?

A

1) Medusa produces medusae
2) Gametes formed
3) Planula
4) Metamorphosis
5) Adult colony forms
6) Back to menus producing medusae

36
Q

Ampula in Milleporina corals

A

1) Medusa is formed/developed, but not released
2) Stays in the “pit”

37
Q

Asexual reproduction occurs in Milleporina via ____________.

A

Fragmentation

38
Q

What are the 3 main species of fire corals in the Caribbean?

A

1) Millepora squarrosa (box)
2) Millepora complanata (blade)
3) Millepora alcicornis (branching)

39
Q

Millepora corals are usually the _________ to colonize a reef and the _______ to leave a dying reef

A

first, last

40
Q

Why is Order Stylasterina referred to as lace or rose corals?

A

They are very fragile

41
Q

What are the 2 genera for order stylasterina?

A

1) Genus Distichophora
2) Genus Stylaster

42
Q

Characteristic of Order Stylasterina

A

1) Thick layer of tissue overlying the skeleton
2) Pores are star-shaped
3) All members have fragile branched colonies, no more than 10cm in height
4) Branches are orientated in one plane so that the colonies appear fan-like
5) Pink, purple, red, or white in color
6) Do NOT build reef
7) Do NOT contain zooxanthellae
8) NOT hermatypic
9) Calcium crystal is either aragonite or calcite

43
Q

Reproduction of Order Stylasternia

A

1) Lack free medusa stage
2) Gametes are formed on aborted medusae in pores

44
Q

What is the distribution for Order Stylasternia

A

1) from the Arctic through the tropics into Antarctica (found everywhere, but very small)
2) Found in shallow subtidal water

45
Q

Order Siphonophora characteristics (Portuguese man o’ water)

A

1) Exist as large pelagic colonies (ocean’s open water column)
2) Composed of polyploid and medusoid individuals
3) Many species have a gas-filled sac that acts as a float
4) One of the most abundant and effective predators in the sea
5) Typically found at depths greater than 500m
6) Many are bioluminescent
7) Some have lures that appear as copepods

46
Q

T/F: Some siphonophores can deflate their floats to sink below the surface and ride out a storm

A

T

47
Q

Example species in Order Siphonophora

A

1) Physophora
2) Nanomia
3) Praya
4) Physalia

48
Q

Praya are one of the ________ organisms on Earth

A

longest (40m)

49
Q

What are the 3 zones for Order Siphonophora?

A

1) Pneumatophore
2) Nectosome
3) Siphosome

50
Q

What aspects are included in the nectosome zone in Order Siphonophora?

A

1) Nectosomal growth zone
2) Nectophores

51
Q

What aspects are included in the Siphosome zone in Order Siphonophora?

A

1) Siphosomal growth zone
2) stem
3) Palpon
4) Feeding polyp
5) Reproductive polyp

52
Q

The pneumatophore is the ______ _____ for Order Siphonophora.

A

gas-filled float

53
Q

What role does the nectophore/nectosome serve Order Siphonophora?

A

Contains powerful medusae specialized for moving the colony through water

54
Q

What roles does the siphosome serve Order Siphonophora?

A

1) Contains gastrozooids, dactylozooids, and gonozooids
2) Contains palpons that play a role in excretory defense

55
Q

Gastrozooids are responsible for _________

A

feeding (achieved by capturing prey that is passed from dactylozooids)

56
Q

Dactylozooids are responsible for __________

A

protection and tactile functions (capture food, pass along food to gastrozooids)

57
Q

Gonozooids are responsible for ____________

A

reproduction (by producing medusae via asexual budding)

58
Q

Individual polyps are known as ________

A

zooids

59
Q

What are the 3 types of siphonophores?

A

1) Physonectae (contain all 3 body zones)
2) Cystonectae (no nectosome)
3) Calycophoran (no pneumatophore)

60
Q

Siphonophores reproduction

A

1) An egg gives rise to a larval polyp
2) Polyp gives rise to the float and forms budding zones
3) From the budding zones, the other members of the colony develop always attached to the original

61
Q

Class Cubozoa (box jellies) species examples

A

1) Chironex (deadly/toxic)
2) Chironex fleckeri (sea wasp)

62
Q

Class Cubozoa characteristics

A

1) Square shape
2) Four evenly spaced tentacles or tentacle groups
3) Approx. 20 species known
4) Have eyes

63
Q

Cubozoan eye characteristics

A

1) Located on the rhopalia (marginal sense organs)
2) rhopalia hang from the bell on the stalks and are weighed down by statolith (function unknown)
3) 24 total eyes (4 rhopalia per medusae, 6 eyes per ropalium)

64
Q

T/F: Scientists do NOT understand why cubozoan have such advanced eyes

A

T

65
Q

Cubozoan reproduction

A

1) Sexual reproduction once a year
2) Fertilization inside the female
3) Male passes sperm packet from tentacle
4) Egg develops into planula inside female
5) Planula develop into polyp
6) Polyps metamorphose into single medusa after months of feeding

66
Q

Cubozoans contain a ________ _______ in the center of their body structure

A

Manubrial canal

67
Q

Cubozoan venom

A

1) Most deadly in the animal kingdom
2) 500,000 nematocytes/tentacles
3) Toxicity and amount of venom vary by species
4) Cubozoans are active predators

68
Q

Characteristics of Class Scyphozoa

A

1) “Jellyfish”
2) Typically possess tentacles and most nematocysts
3) Medusa stage is dominant stage and polyp form is reduced to a small larval stage
4) 200+ described species
5) One sessile order
6) Lack a veleum (shelf tissue around the margin of the bell of hydrozoan and cubozoan meusae)
7) Most are dioecious (separate male and female organisms)
8) Found in all oceans from sea surface to abyss
9) ALL marine

69
Q

Reproduction cycle of a jellyfish (Class Scyphozoa)

A

1) Gametes (Egg and sperm)
2) Fertilized egg developed into planula
3) The planula settles on substrate, develops in polyp (Scyphistoma) after hours or days
4) Young strobila
5) Strobila
6) Strobilia segments mature and break off as Young medusa (ephyra)
7) Ephyra mature into Adult medusa

70
Q

Class Scyphozoa sizes

A

1) Bells range in size from 2 to 40cm
2) Some individuals are 2m

71
Q

In jellyfish, the ___________, may reproduce asexually by ___________ or ____________

A

scyphistoma, budding, formation

72
Q

Class Scyphozoa example species

A

1) Mastigias
2) Aurelia
3) Cassiopeia xamachana

Coral Bio Exam 2 (10 decks)

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