Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio psych > lecture 8 > Flashcards

lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

flow of information through different neuron types

A

dendrites -> sensory neurons -> cell body in dorsal root ganglion -> motor neuron ( ventral) -> response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nervous system

A

peripheral and central

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

sensory pathways and motor pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

motor pathways

A

somatic and autonomic (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

somatic motor neurons

A

stimulate skeletal muscles’ contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

autonomic motor neurons

A

regulate activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hind brain

A

the principal component of the brain of early vertebrates

- devoted to control of motor activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

forbrain is composed of the

A

hypothalamus and thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

thalamus

A

primary site of sensory integration
integration and relay center
The most central structure in the forebrain.
Considered an extension of the brainstem.
receives projections from sensory modalities and projects to discrete regions of cortex
(“gateway to the cortex”)
integrates visceral activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hypothalamus

A

participates in basic drives and emotions

controls “ancient drives” and regulates the pituitary gland, essentially conserved in all vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cerebrum

A

Areas for correlation, association, and learning in mammals

“newest” part of the vertebrate brain, site of all higher brain functions, increases in size from fish to mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what part of the brain measures intelligence

A

the cortex

total brain size doesn’t equal intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the different sizes of the parts of the brain have been modified based on

A

ecological niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cerebrum

A

balance and motor control, size depends on intricacy of movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain, pons and medulla, regulates all autonomic functions, essentially conserved in all vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

rostal or anterior

A

towards the tip of the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vental

A

tummy side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

dorsal

A

booty side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

caudal or posterior

A

towards the tip of the tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

proximal

A

close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

distal

A

far

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lateral

A

farther from the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Motivational systems
cognition, emotional state cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord (analysis and integration of sensory and motor information)
26
sensory system
afferent pathways sensory ganglia and nerves sensory receptors (at surface and with in the body) internal and external environment
27
moro systems
muscle control | efferent pathways
28
Four principles governing the organization of the vertebrate nervous system
relay centers: ares where pathways interact distinct parallel pathways for different components topographical organization is present: maps of body on the CNS Most systems cross the midline:different systems cross at different points
29
Distinct parallel pathways for different components vision somatic motor
color, motion touch and pain tracks that control overall purpose vs. those for purposeful movements
30
Contralateral
when a projection crosses
31
ipsilateral
when it stays on the same side
32
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration slow and steady Nerve fibers in the medulla or spinal cord release acetycholine Stomach contractions to aid digestion Blood flow to skeletal muscles decreases
33
which neurotransmitter is at the parasympathetic synapses
acetylcholine
34
sympathetic nervous system
`fight or flight Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration increase Hypothalamus activates sympathetic division of nervous system Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine Blood flow to skeletal muscles increases Stomach contractions are inhibited
35
which neurotransmitter is at the parasympathetic synapses
norepinephrine
36
corpus callosum
A huge band of myelinated fibers, connects the two cerebral hemispheres
37
spinal cord
a cable of neurons extending from the brain down through the backbone. protected by vertebral column and layers of membranes (meninges) relays messages and functions in reflexes
38
white matter
Bundles of myelinated axons in the spinal cord consists of the sensory afferents and motor efferents
39
gray matter
Cell body clusters
40
gray matter vs. white matter
cell bodies vs. axon tracts
41
dorsal root vs. ventral root
sensory afferent vs. motor efferent
42
dorsal root ganglion
- cell bodies for all sensory neurons entering the spinal cord - cell bodies lie outside the CNS in the PNS
43
The Withdrawal Reflex = negative feedback loop that controls pain
1) Hand contacts sharp or hot object 2) Nocioreceptor in hand is activated, action potential conveys info to spinal cord 3) Interneuron in spinal cord coveys info to motor neuron 4) Motor neuron conveys info to biceps muscle over spinal nerve 5) Biceps muscle contracts and removes hand from painful stimulus
44
why is the knee reflex the fastest
there is no interneuron
45
medulla (hind brain)
controls vital reflexes like breathing, heart beat
46
pons (hindbrain)
many fiber cross Part of the reticular formation = arousal, attention Part of the raphe system = wakefulness
47
cerebellum (hindbrain)
coordination (not initiation) of movement, balance
48
The reticular formation is involved in....
arousal and sleep receives input from sensory systems and maintains overall level of arousal during sleep they are inhibited
49
forebrain (2 cerebral hemispheres)
cortical and subcortical
50
cortical
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes
51
subcortical
Thalamus Hypothalamus Basal ganglia Limbic lobes: olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, and amygdala
52
major subdivisions of the cerebral cortex
``` pre central gyrus frontal lobe post central gyrus central sulcus parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe ```
53
pre central gyrus
primary motor cortex
54
frontal lobe
planning of movement, recent memories, and some aspects of emotions
55
post central gyrus
somatosensory cortex
56
parietal
body sensations
57
occipital lobe
vision
58
temporal lobe
hearing and advanced visual processing
59
basal ganglia
aggregates of neuron cell bodies | receive sensory information from ascending tracts and motor commands from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum
60
limbic system
Memory, emotions, olfaction | a set of subcortical structures that form a border around the brain stem
61
Ventricular system and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
CSF assists in protecting/cushioning the brain
62
what do the sense do for us?
Perception control of movement regulation of internal organs maintenance of arousal
63
external stimuli
Visual, Auditory, Olfactory, Gustatory, Somatosensory
64
internal stimuli
Temperature, blood sugar, pressure & CO2, | Muscle tension & joint position (proprioception)
65
The basic attributes of the sensory systems
Modality - what sense is this? Intensity - how strong is it? Duration – how long is it lasting? - concept of sensory adaptation - Strength and Duration of stimulus is encoded by amount of neurotransmitter released (represented by action potential frequency) Location - where is it processed and encoded? (each sensory system has subcortical and cortical structures devoted to that sensory function)
66
stimulus
Intensity and Duration | Energy to activate the receptive pathways
67
receptors
Translate stimulus energy into action potentials | Communicate Intensity and Duration
68
touch/sight
provides spatial resolution, and identifies the location of the stimulus
69
smell/taste/hearing
receptors are arranged according to the energy spectrum for the modality
70
large receptive field
Many neurons converge onto a single relay neuron | greater sensitivity
71
small receptive field
Few neurons converge (activate multiple relay neurons) | greater spacial resolution
72
how is sensory information encoded
Stimulus energy is converted into electrochemical energy (stimulus transduction) Key attributes of the stimulus must be represented in the signals of the primary sensory neuron (neural encoding) Sensory information must be fine tuned to achieve maximal discriminative capacity (lateral inhibition)

Bio psych (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions