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Bio psych > lecture 8 > Flashcards

lecture 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

flow of information through different neuron types

A

dendrites -> sensory neurons -> cell body in dorsal root ganglion -> motor neuron ( ventral) -> response

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2
Q

nervous system

A

peripheral and central

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3
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

sensory pathways and motor pathways

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5
Q

motor pathways

A

somatic and autonomic (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

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6
Q

somatic motor neurons

A

stimulate skeletal muscles’ contraction.

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7
Q

autonomic motor neurons

A

regulate activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.

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8
Q

hind brain

A

the principal component of the brain of early vertebrates

- devoted to control of motor activity

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9
Q

forbrain is composed of the

A

hypothalamus and thalamus

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10
Q

thalamus

A

primary site of sensory integration
integration and relay center
The most central structure in the forebrain.
Considered an extension of the brainstem.
receives projections from sensory modalities and projects to discrete regions of cortex
(“gateway to the cortex”)
integrates visceral activities

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11
Q

hypothalamus

A

participates in basic drives and emotions

controls “ancient drives” and regulates the pituitary gland, essentially conserved in all vertebrates

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12
Q

cerebrum

A

Areas for correlation, association, and learning in mammals

“newest” part of the vertebrate brain, site of all higher brain functions, increases in size from fish to mammals

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13
Q

what part of the brain measures intelligence

A

the cortex

total brain size doesn’t equal intelligence

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14
Q

the different sizes of the parts of the brain have been modified based on

A

ecological niche

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15
Q

cerebrum

A

balance and motor control, size depends on intricacy of movements

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16
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain, pons and medulla, regulates all autonomic functions, essentially conserved in all vertebrates

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17
Q

rostal or anterior

A

towards the tip of the head

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18
Q

vental

A

tummy side of body

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19
Q

dorsal

A

booty side of the body

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20
Q

caudal or posterior

A

towards the tip of the tail

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21
Q

proximal

A

close

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22
Q

distal

A

far

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23
Q

lateral

A

farther from the midline

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24
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

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25
Q

Motivational systems

A

cognition, emotional state
cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord (analysis and integration of sensory and motor information)

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26
Q

sensory system

A

afferent pathways
sensory ganglia and nerves
sensory receptors (at surface and with in the body)
internal and external environment

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27
Q

moro systems

A

muscle control

efferent pathways

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28
Q

Four principles governing the organization of the vertebrate nervous system

A

relay centers: ares where pathways interact
distinct parallel pathways for different components
topographical organization is present: maps of body on the CNS
Most systems cross the midline:different systems cross at different points

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29
Q

Distinct parallel pathways for different components
vision
somatic
motor

A

color, motion

touch and pain

tracks that control overall purpose vs. those for purposeful movements

30
Q

Contralateral

A

when a projection crosses

31
Q

ipsilateral

A

when it stays on the same side

32
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest
heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration slow and steady
Nerve fibers in the medulla or spinal cord release acetycholine
Stomach contractions to aid digestion
Blood flow to skeletal muscles decreases

33
Q

which neurotransmitter is at the parasympathetic synapses

A

acetylcholine

34
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

`fight or flight
Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration increase
Hypothalamus activates sympathetic division of nervous system
Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Blood flow to skeletal muscles increases
Stomach contractions are inhibited

35
Q

which neurotransmitter is at the parasympathetic synapses

A

norepinephrine

36
Q

corpus callosum

A

A huge band of myelinated fibers, connects the two cerebral hemispheres

37
Q

spinal cord

A

a cable of neurons extending from the brain down through the backbone.
protected by vertebral column and layers of membranes (meninges)
relays messages and functions in reflexes

38
Q

white matter

A

Bundles of myelinated axons in the spinal cord consists of the sensory afferents and motor efferents

39
Q

gray matter

A

Cell body clusters

40
Q

gray matter vs. white matter

A

cell bodies vs. axon tracts

41
Q

dorsal root vs. ventral root

A

sensory afferent vs. motor efferent

42
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A
  • cell bodies for all sensory neurons entering the spinal cord
  • cell bodies lie outside the CNS in the PNS
43
Q

The Withdrawal Reflex = negative feedback loop that controls pain

A

1) Hand contacts sharp or hot object
2) Nocioreceptor in hand is activated, action potential conveys info to spinal cord
3) Interneuron in spinal cord coveys info to motor neuron
4) Motor neuron conveys info to biceps muscle over spinal nerve
5) Biceps muscle contracts and removes hand from painful stimulus

44
Q

why is the knee reflex the fastest

A

there is no interneuron

45
Q

medulla (hind brain)

A

controls vital reflexes like breathing, heart beat

46
Q

pons (hindbrain)

A

many fiber cross
Part of the reticular formation = arousal, attention
Part of the raphe system = wakefulness

47
Q

cerebellum (hindbrain)

A

coordination (not initiation) of movement, balance

48
Q

The reticular formation is involved in….

A

arousal and sleep
receives input from sensory systems and maintains overall level of arousal
during sleep they are inhibited

49
Q

forebrain (2 cerebral hemispheres)

A

cortical and subcortical

50
Q

cortical

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes

51
Q

subcortical

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Basal ganglia
Limbic lobes: olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, and amygdala

52
Q

major subdivisions of the cerebral cortex

A 
pre central gyrus 
frontal lobe
post central gyrus
central sulcus 
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
53
Q

pre central gyrus

A

primary motor cortex

54
Q

frontal lobe

A

planning of movement, recent memories, and some aspects of emotions

55
Q

post central gyrus

A

somatosensory cortex

56
Q

parietal

A

body sensations

57
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

58
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing and advanced visual processing

59
Q

basal ganglia

A

aggregates of neuron cell bodies

receive sensory information from ascending tracts and motor commands from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum

60
Q

limbic system

A

Memory, emotions, olfaction

a set of subcortical structures that form a border around the brain stem

61
Q

Ventricular system and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

CSF assists in protecting/cushioning the brain

62
Q

what do the sense do for us?

A

Perception
control of movement
regulation of internal organs
maintenance of arousal

63
Q

external stimuli

A

Visual, Auditory, Olfactory, Gustatory, Somatosensory

64
Q

internal stimuli

A

Temperature, blood sugar, pressure & CO2,

Muscle tension & joint position (proprioception)

65
Q

The basic attributes of the sensory systems

A

Modality - what sense is this?

Intensity - how strong is it?

Duration – how long is it lasting?

  • concept of sensory adaptation
  • Strength and Duration of stimulus is encoded by amount of neurotransmitter released (represented by action potential frequency)

Location - where is it processed and encoded? (each sensory system has subcortical and cortical structures devoted to that sensory function)

66
Q

stimulus

A

Intensity and Duration

Energy to activate the receptive pathways

67
Q

receptors

A

Translate stimulus energy into action potentials

Communicate Intensity and Duration

68
Q

touch/sight

A

provides spatial resolution, and identifies the location of the stimulus

69
Q

smell/taste/hearing

A

receptors are arranged according to the energy spectrum for the modality

70
Q

large receptive field

A

Many neurons converge onto a single relay neuron

greater sensitivity

71
Q

small receptive field

A

Few neurons converge (activate multiple relay neurons)

greater spacial resolution

72
Q

how is sensory information encoded

A

Stimulus energy is converted into electrochemical energy (stimulus transduction)

Key attributes of the stimulus must be represented in the signals of the primary sensory neuron (neural encoding)

Sensory information must be fine tuned to achieve maximal discriminative capacity (lateral inhibition)

Bio psych (3 decks)

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