Lecture 8 Flashcards by J D

Cryptography: comes from ?

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Cryptology

Greek

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Cryptography: Kryptos means ?

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Cryptology

hidden

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Cryptography: Grahein means ?

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Cryptology

to write

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Process of making and using codes to secure the transmission of information

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Cryptology

Cryptography

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Process of obtaining the original message form encrypted message

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Cryptology

Cryptanalysis

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Process of converting an original message into a form that is unreadable to unauthorized individuals

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Cryptology

Encryption

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Process of converting the encrypted message (cipertext) into an easily read message (plain text)

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Cryptology

Decryption

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Programmatic steps to encrypt message

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Cryptology - Basic Definitions

Algorithm

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Encryption method or process

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Cryptology - Basic Definitions

Cipher

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Encrypted message

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Cryptology - Basic Definitions

Ciphertext or cryptogram

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Process of converting unencrypted components into encrypted components

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Cryptology - Basic Definitions

Code

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Convert to plaintext

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Cryptology - Basic Definitions

Decipher

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To encrypt

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Cryptology - Basic Definitions

Encipher

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Information used with the algorithm to encrypt

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Cryptology - Basic Definitions

Key or crypto-variable

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Entire range of values that can possibly be used to construct an individual key

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Cryptology - Basic Definitions

Key-space

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Series of encryptions /decryptions between a number of systems

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Cryptology - Basic Definitions

Link encryption

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The original message

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Cryptology - Basic Definitions

Plaintext or clear text

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Process of hiding messages

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Cryptology - Basic Definitions

Steganography

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Amount - effort required to perform cryptanalysis

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Cryptology - Basic Definitions

Work factor

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? ??

(2) Cipher methods

Enumerate

Cryptology - Cipher methods

Bit stream method
Block cipher method

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Each bit in the plaintext is transformed bit by bit

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Cryptology - 1/2 Cipher methods 1/2 ?

Bit stream method

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Most common use XOR

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Cryptology - 1/2 Cipher methods 2/2 ?

Bit stream method

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Messaged divided into blocks

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Cryptology - 2/2 Cipher methods 1/3 ?

Block cipher method

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Each block is encoded

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Cryptology - 2/2 Cipher methods 2/3 ?

Block cipher method

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# **?** Substitution, transposition, **XOR or combination** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/2 Cipher methods 3/3 ?

Block cipher method

# **?** **Substitute** one value for another | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/3 ?

Substitution Cipher

# **?** 3 character **substitution** to the right | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/3 ?

Substitution Cipher

# **?** **Simple by itself** – **powerful when combined** with other operations | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 3/3 ?

Substitution Cipher

# **?** 3 shift to the right is know as the **?** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Substitution Cipher

Caesar Cipher

# **?** Implemented using the **Vigenere Square** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/6 ?

Vigenere Cipher

# **?** **26 distinct** cipher alphabets | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/6 ?

Vigenere Cipher

# **?** **Header row** – normal order | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 3/6 ?

Vigenere Cipher

# **?** Each **additional row** – shift right | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 4/6 ?

Vigenere Cipher

# **?** **Start in first row** and find a substitution for one letter | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 5/6 ?

Vigenere Cipher

# **?** **Move down the rows** for each subsequent letter of plaintext | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 6/6 ?

Vigenere Cipher

# **?** Simply rearranges the values **within a block** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/4 ?

Transposition Cipher

# **?** Can be done at the **bit level or the byte level** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/4 ?

Transposition Cipher

# **?** **Julius Caesar was associated with the early version** of this cipher also | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 3/4 ?

Transposition Cipher

# **?** **Larger blocks** or keys makes cipher stronger | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 4/4 ?

Transposition Cipher

# **?** * Function of Boolean algebra * Two bits are compared * If identical, result is binary 0 * If not identical, result is binary 1 | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/2 ?

Exclusive OR (XOR)

# **?** * Very simple encryption * Not very secure | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/2 ?

Exclusive OR (XOR)

# **?** **One-time pad** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/4 ?

Vernam Cipher

# **?** **Uses a set of characters only one time** for each encryption process | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/4 ?

Vernam Cipher

# **?** * **Each character of the plaintext is turned into a number** and a **pad value** for that position is added * Sum is then converted back to a cipher text | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 3/4 ?

Vernam Cipher

# **?** **Decryption requires knowledge** of **pad values** or difficult cryptanalysis. | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 4/4 ?

Vernam Cipher

# **?** **List of codes representing a page number**, line number, and word number of the plaintext word. | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Book or Running Key Cipher

Cipher text

# **?** Not an encryption methodology | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/5 ?

Hash functions

# **?** * **Fingerprinting** * Used to determine if it is **the same message** * **Not used to decypher** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/5 ?

Hash functions

# **?** Message always provide **same hash value if unaltered** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 3/5 ?

Hash functions

# **?** * **Do not require keys** * Uses **Message Authentication Code (MAC)** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 4/5 ?

Hash functions

# **?** * **Key-dependent** * Used in **password verification systems** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 5/5 ?

Hash functions

# **?** generates a message summary or digest | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Hash functions

Mathematical algorithm

# **?** Secure algorithm | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/3 ?

Secure Hash Standard (SHS)

# **?** **Standard issued** by **National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/3 ?

Secure Hash Standard (SHS)

# **?** * **SHA-1** Produces a 160 bit digest * **Family of SHA** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 3/3 ?

Secure Hash Standard (SHS)

# **?** A 256-bit cipher algorithm | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Secure Hash Standard (SHS) - 1/2 ?

SHA-256

# **?** **Creates a key** - **encrypting the intermediate hash value** with the message block functioning as the key | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Secure Hash Standard (SHS) - 2/2 ?

SHA-256

# **?** **Symmetric and asymmetric** and hybrid | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology

Cryptographic Algorithms

# **?** * Requires the **same secret key** * Encryption methods use **mathematical operations** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Cryptographic Algorithms - 1/3 ?

Symmetric Encryption

# **?** Both the **sender and receiver must have the secret key** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Cryptographic Algorithms - 2/3 ?

Symmetric Encryption

# **?** **Primary challenge** – **getting key to receiver** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Cryptographic Algorithms - 3/3 ?

Symmetric Encryption

# **?** * Uses **two different but related keys** * Either key **can encrypt or decrypt** * **Must use other to perform other function** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Cryptographic Algorithms - 1/5 ?

Asymmetric Encryption

# **?** * One key private * One key public | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Cryptographic Algorithms - 2/5 ?

Asymmetric Encryption

# **?** * Also know as public key encryption | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Cryptographic Algorithms - 3/5 ?

Asymmetric Encryption

# **?** * Based on one-way functions * One is simple to compute , the opposite is complex | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Cryptographic Algorithms - 4/5 ?

Asymmetric Encryption

# **?** * Based on **hash value** * Uses **mathematical trapdoor** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Cryptographic Algorithms - 5/5 ?

Asymmetric Encryption

# **?** that enable you to easily accomplish the reverse function in a one-way function. | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Cryptographic Algorithms - Asymmetric Encryption

Secret mechanism

# **?** becomes the true key | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Cryptographic Algorithms - Asymmetric Encryption

Public key

# **?** is derived form public key using trapdoor | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Cryptographic Algorithms - Asymmetric Encryption

Private

# **?** First public key encryption algorithm | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Public Key - 1/3 ?

RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adlemann)

# **?** * Published for commercial use * E-commerce browsers | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Public Key - 2/3 ?

RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adlemann)

# **?** Has become the de facto standard | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Public Key - 3/3 ?

RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adlemann)

# **?** * **Cryptovariable or key size** must be decided * **Length of key** increase the number of random selections to be guessed * **Length of key** influences strength | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/2 ?

Encryption Key Size

# **?** * The **security of encrypted data** is NOT dependent on keeping the algorithm secret * Depends on keeping some or **all of the elements of the keys secret** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/2 ?

Encryption Key Size

# **?** **Integrated system of software**, encryption methodologies, protocols, legal agreements, and 3rd part services | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/2 ?

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

# **?** * Based on public key * Include **digital certificates** and **certificate authorities** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/2 ?

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

# **?** * Based on public key * Include **digital certificates** and **certificate authorities** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/2 ?

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

# **?** **Public key container files** that **allow computer program to validate the key** and identify to whom it belongs. | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology

Digital Certificates

# **?** **??** **???** **????** **?????** (5) Key characteristics to be integrated into business practices | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Digital Certificates

* Authentication * Integrity * Privacy * Authorization * Non-repudiation

# **?** * Used by third party * **Certifies the authenticity** of the * **Digital signature is attached** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology

Digital Certificate

# **?** **Created to verify information** transferred **using electronic systems** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/4 ?

Digital Signatures

# **?** **Currently asymmetric encryption processes** are used to create digital signatures | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/4 ?

Digital Signatures

# **?** **Encrypted messages** that can be **mathematically authentic** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 3/4 ?

Digital Signatures

# **?** Used when using **DSS (digital Signature Standard)** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 4/4 ?

Digital Signatures

# **?** **Pure asymmetric keys encryption** is not widely used except in digital certificates | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/3 ?

Hybrid Cryptography Systems

# **?** More widely used as part of **hybrid system** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/3 ?

Hybrid Cryptography Systems

# **?** **Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange method** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 3/3 ?

Hybrid Cryptography Systems

# **?** Process of hiding information | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/4 ?

Steganography

# **?** Not technically a form of cryptography | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/4 ?

Steganography

# **?** Use **one bit per color** or **bits per pixel**o store information | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 3/4 ?

Steganography

# **?** Compute files that **don’t use all available bits** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 4/4 ?

Steganography

# **?** **??** (2) Protocols for Secure Communication | Enumerate ## Footnote Cryptology - Protocols for Secure Communication

* Secure Socket Layer (SSL) * Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP)

# **?** Used public key encryption to secure channel | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/2 Protocols for Secure Communication

Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

# **?** **??** Two layers of Protocol | Enumerate ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/2 Protocols for Secure Communication - SSL

* SSL Record Protocol * Standard HTTP

# **?** * Compression, encryption and attachment of **SSL header** * **Received encrypted messages are decrypted and reassembled** * Basic security at top level of **SSL protocol stack** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/2 Protocols for Secure Communication - SSL - 1/2 Layers of protocol

SSL Record Protocol

# **?** Internet communication services | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 1/2 Protocols for Secure Communication - SSL - 2/2 Layers of protocol

Standard HTTP

# **?** **Extended version** of **hypertext transfer protocol** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/2 Protocols for Secure Communication 1/3 ?

Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP)

# **?** **Provides for encryption of individual messages** between client and server | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/2 Protocols for Secure Communication 2/3 ?

Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP)

# **?** * No session * Designed for **sending individual messages** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - 2/2 Protocols for Secure Communication 3/3 ?

Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP)

# **?** Adds encryption of **MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)** | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Securing E-mail

Secure Multipurpose Internet mail Extensions (S/MIME)

# **?** Uses 3DES symmetric key encryption and RSA for key | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Securing E-mail

PEM

# **?** * Pretty Good Privacy * Used IDEA Cipher | Identify ## Footnote Cryptology - Securing E-mail

PGP