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Histology > Lecture 7: The Pancreas > Flashcards

Lecture 7: The Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What causes diabetes type II?

A

insulin resistance

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2
Q

What is an acinus and what is its function?

A

the main pancreatic unit responsible for synthesizing and secreting enzymes and proenzymes.

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3
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

It is secreted in response to a low glucose (during fasting); its action is to raise the blood glucose by stimulating glucose synthesis and glycogen breakdown

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4
Q

Describe acinar cells

A
  1. highly polarized
  2. pyramidal in shape
  3. basal nuclei
  4. abundant RER
  5. apical
  6. contains membrane bound zymogen
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5
Q

What percentage of an islet is comprised of A (alpha) cells?

A

5-30%

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6
Q

What are the main cell types found in islets?

A

A (alpha), B (beta), and D (delta cells)

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7
Q

What is the exocrine pancreas responsible for?

A

It produces the pancreatic juice, which is the most important of the digestive secretions

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8
Q

What polypeptide do beta cells secrete?

A

insulin

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9
Q

What are the function of D (delta) cells?

A

they secrete somatostatin in response to an increased blood glucose, which inhibits hormone relase from A and B cells.

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10
Q

What causes acute pancreatitis?

A

proenzymes are activated early (in the pancreas) and they eat the tissue of the pancreas

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11
Q

What is the role of a centroacinar cell?

A

they secretes water and elctrolytes and are the first cells of the intercalated ducts

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12
Q

What type of hormones are secreted by the islet cells found in the endocrine pancreas?

A

polypeptides

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13
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

A mixed endocrine and exocrine gland with acinar cells that form most of the gland’s volume

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14
Q

What type of epithelium is found in an intercalated duct?

A

low cubodial or simple sqaumos

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15
Q

Describe a centroacinar cell

A

pale, cubodial cells with elongated central nuclei and abundant mitchondria

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16
Q

What are the main differences between an islet cell and an acinar cell?

A

islet cells are smaller and contain small membrane bound secretory granules

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17
Q

How are islets arranged in the pancreas?

A

they are scattered throughout the exocrine pancrease with cells arranged in cords or clusters

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18
Q

What are islet cells?

A

regions of the pancreas that contain the endocrine (hormone-producing) cells.

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19
Q

What is the interlobular duct?

A

the location where the intralobular duct drains

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20
Q

What type of epithelium lines an intralobular duct?

A

cubodial epithelium

21
Q

How much of the pancreatic volume is made up of islets?

A

about 1-2 %

22
Q

What is trypsinogen?

A

the inactive precursor of trypsin

23
Q

What type of cells are found in an intercalated duct?

A

pale, low cubodial centroacinar cells

24
Q

Where are acinar found?

A

in the exocrine pancreas

25
Q

What are intralobular ducts?

A

intercalated ducts that are joined together

26
Q

What are the proenzymes that are found in the pancreatic juice?

A

Zymogens

27
Q

Describe an islet cell

A

they are made up of parenchymal cells that are derived from the endoderm of the developing duodenum; Islets are very vascular

28
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

it is released in response to an increased blood glucose (after eating) and acts to lower blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle

29
Q

What color do alpha cells stain with aldehyde fuchsin?

A

brilliant red or orange

30
Q

What is the main function of the intercalated ducts of the pancreas?

A

they secrete large amounts of bicarbonate ions which neutralize acid from the stomach

31
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

the specific (functional) tissue of an organ as distinguished from the connective tissue or stroma

32
Q

Why are amylase, lipase, and trypsinogen significant to the pancrease?

A

They are enzymes of the pancreas that are capable of digesting the main components of ingested food(carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and phospholipids). To prevent this, they are stored as inactive precursors of the pancreas.

33
Q

Where are the intralobular, interlobular, and intercalated ducts found in the pancreas?

A

in the exocrine part of the pancreas

34
Q

What causes Diabetes type I?

A

primary insulin deficiency

35
Q

What makes up the structure of the exocrine pancreas?

A
  1. It is classified as compound tubuloacinar gland
  2. It has sparse stroma
  3. a thin capsule
  4. and a delicate connective tissue septa that divide the gland into distinct lobules
36
Q

What polypeptide do A (alpha) cells secrete?

A

glucagon

37
Q

What type of stroma (connective tissue) is the endocrine pancreas made up of?

A

sparse reticular connective tissue

38
Q

What are pancreatic islets?

A

regions of the pancreas that contain the endocrine

39
Q

What makes up the pancreatic juice found in the exocrine pancreas?

A

enzymes and proenzymes that are activated in the intestine

40
Q

How many acinar cells are found in an acinus?

A

about 50

41
Q

What color do B (beta) cells stain with aldehyde fuchsin?

A

dark purple

42
Q

What is one difference between a parotid gland and a pancreatic gland?

A

they are no striated ducts or myoepithelial cells in the pancreas

43
Q

What is another name for a pancreatic islet?

A

Islets of Langerhans

44
Q

What percentage of an islet cell is comprised of B (beta) cells?

A

60-80 %

45
Q

What enzymes are found in the pancreatic juice?

A

amylase-carbohydrates, lipase-fats, trypsin-proteins,

46
Q

What is insulin responsible for?

A

keeping the sugar content of the blood at a constant level

47
Q

What is the endocrine pancreas responsible for?

A

produces several polypetide hormones such as insulin

48
Q

True or False

The Endocrine pancreas acinar cells take up most of the space in the pancreas

A

FALSE

The acinar cells are found in the exocrine pancreas, which takes up most of the space in the pancreas

49
Q
A

Histology (4 decks)

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