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Geography - Geosystems > Lecture 7 - Tectonic Hazards > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Tectonic Hazards Flashcards

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0
Q

How is the magnitude of an earthquake determined?

A

By the logarithm of the amplitude of waves of the earthquake 100km from the epicentre

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1
Q

Who was the Richter magnitude scale developed by, in what year and why?

A

By - Charles F. Richter
When - 1935
Why - Mathematical means of comparing the size of earthquakes in Southern Cali

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2
Q

If an M7 earthquake produces 10x more ground shaking than an M6, how much more does it produce than an M5?

A

100x

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3
Q

The Haiti earthquake of January 2010 had an epicentre South west of Port-Au-Prince, at a depth of what? And what was magnitude?

A

M7

Depth - 13km

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4
Q

How many people died in January 2010 Haiti earthquake and left homeless?

A

230k dead
1.5milli homeless
(US Agency for International Development)

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5
Q

Name an ancillary hazard of the January 2010 Haiti earthquake?

A

Cholera: killed 8.3k and 650k suffered from it

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6
Q

Similarly to Haiti, Christchurch had an earthquake in 2010. Near Darfield, how deep was it, what was magnitude an how many dead?

A

Depth - 10km
M7.1
Dead - 0
Cost to insurers 3 billion

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7
Q

2011 Christchurch quake was smaller at M6.1, how many died?

A

181

100k buildings damaged

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8
Q

Although 2011 Christchurch quake smaller than 2010 quake, name 5 reasons it was more deadly?

A
  1. Epicentre closer an shallower at 5km
  2. Happened at lunch, weekday, people work in business centre
  3. Buildings weakened from previous
  4. Peak ground acceleration high, almost impossible to stay intact
  5. Liquefaction greater than 2010
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9
Q

Analysis of plate boundaries and associated earthquakes can how develop what?

A

Hazard maps

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10
Q

What is seismic deformation?

A

When an earthquake ruptures, it creates two types of deformation, static and dynamic

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11
Q

What is static deformation?

A

Permanent displacement of the ground due to an event

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12
Q

What is elastic rebound?

A

Where previous linear features display increasing displacement near the fault

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13
Q

In the imperial valley 1940, elastic rebound caused what?

A

Offset regular rows of oranges by 6m

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14
Q

Different types of seismic waves produce the same end result what is this?

A

Vibrating ground

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15
Q

On Tuesday January 17 1995 5:46am an earthquake struck Kobe and Osaka, what was magnitude and people affected, cost?

A

7.2M
People affected - 300k
Damage -$147bn
180k buildings damaged

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16
Q

What did Roger Bilham quote?

A

Earthquakes do not kill people, buildings do…

17
Q

What are the 3 main types of building failure from earthquakes that can be prevented?

A
  1. Detailing
  2. Soft Storey Collapse
  3. Shape and Steel failures
18
Q

What is detailing?

A

A term to describe the steel in a reinforced concrete member

19
Q

Poor detailing is the cause of a large proportion of failures in older concrete, why is this?

A

Due to the lack of links or inadequate cover by links

20
Q

In an earthquake what will a concrete beam/column do?

A

Vibrate causing the concrete to crack if not restrained

21
Q

Why must stiff elements in buildings be made stronger?

A

They will attempt to resist larger earthquake forces than flexible elements in the same structural system

22
Q

What is soft storey collapse?

A

When a building has one floor weaker than the others

A floor fails and flattened by weight of those above

23
Q

Mid storey collapse due to differences in stiffness or ductility result in what?

A

Collapse of a whole floor so this mean whole building fails

24
Q

A building, and floors have an elastic range, what is this?

A

Where movement occurs without failure, if elastic limit exceeded part of, or all the structure will fail

25
Q

What is shape failure?

A

Poor conceptual design can lead to failure of a building

26
Q

Conceptual design is important for dynamic conditions, why?

A

Earthquake waves will cause a building to vibrate, but if rectangle will simply rock

27
Q

Why is a rectangle shapes building good for an earthquake?

A

As there is a uniform distribution of forces throughout the building

28
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of earthquake ground motions which are most important to a building?

A
  1. Duration
  2. Amplitude
    3 frequency
29
Q

What is the frequency for ground motion of a building?

A

The number of times a second the building vibrates back and forth, varies with height

30
Q

What happens when the building and ground motion are in resonance with each other?

A

Increases or amplifys the buildings response

31
Q

What happens if a building has an irregular shape?

A

Structure vibrates at different frequencies so stress concentration builds up

32
Q

What is the main problem of shape?

A

When a building has an addition added at a later date. E.g a penthouse is built

33
Q

How can you control the vibrations of a high rise building?

A

Energy absorbing passive damping devices

34
Q

What are soil mechanics?

A

Engineering properties and behaviour of soil under stress

35
Q

Name 4 damages caused by soul or geotechnical failures during earthquakes?

A
  1. Settlement
  2. Tilting of structures
  3. Slope failure
  4. Liquefaction
36
Q

What happen to buildings on liquefied ground?

A

They will lean or topple

37
Q

Define liquefaction?

A

When a solid begins to act as a fluid

38
Q

What is settlement?

A

A result of liquefaction, reduces pore space and ground subsidence

39
Q

Name 3 examples of where preparation or education resulted in failures during earthquakes?

A
  1. San Fransico 1906 - earthquake ruptured gas and water mains - fire no means to extinguish
  2. Kobe 1995 - not enough emergency supplies of good and medicine
  3. Kobe 1995 - legal requirement for search and rescue dogs to be quarantined for 4 days
40
Q

What is Japan’s prevention day?

A

1st September, 1 milli peeps taught how to behave. , by doing drills. School children trained how to react

Geography - Geosystems (6 decks)

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