Lecture 7 Revision based on Clare's Summary Slide Catherine

Question 1

What are the 4 main Theories of Personality?

Answer 1

The 4 Main Theories of Personality are:

• The Psychoanalytic Approach
• The Social-Cognitive Approach
• The Type Approach
• The Trait Approach

Question 2

What are the main aspects of the Psychoanalytic Approach as it relates to testing?

Answer 2

This approach emphasises childhood experience & the unconscious in motivating human actions

• Uses Projective Methods or Techniques
• Though disclosing their conscious/unconscious needs, desires, impulses, the individual supplies the structure to the unstructured stimuli

Question 3

What are the main aspects of the Social-Cognitive Approach as it relates to testing?

Answer 3

The Social-Cognitive Theory is grounded in both behaviourism & cognition -Reciprocal Determinism is core concept and is concerned with the interaction between behaviour, person and environment

Question 4

What are the main aspects of the Type Approach as it relates to testing?

Answer 4

The Type Approach came from the Psycho-dynamic Approach

• Personality is basically a classification system
• e.g. Myers-Briggs Type Inventory; Type A & B; Holland’s Self Directed Search; Hippocrates (melancholic, phlegmatic, choleric & sanguine)

Question 5

What are the main aspects of the Trait Approach as it relates to testing?

Answer 5

• Individuals differ from one another in terms of distinguishable, stable, consistently expressed characteristics
• e.g. The Five Factor OCEAN Model
• Measures: NEO-PI-R; Cattel’s 16 Factor; Eysenck Personality Inventory

Question 6

What are the main Personality measures or tests?

Answer 6

Trait: *MMPI, *CPI, *16-PF, *NEO-PI, *EPI/EPQ

Type:
*Myers-Briggs

Social-Cognitive:
*Seligman Attributional Style Questionnaire

Psychoanalytic Approach:
*Projective Techniques

Question 7

What are the structured methods of assessment within the Trait Method?

Answer 7

MMPI
The California Psychological Inventory
Cattells 16PF Test
NEO-PI (OCEAN)
Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI)

Question 8

What are the structured methods of assessment within the Psychoanalytic Approach?

Answer 8

Projective Tests: Drawings, Rorschach ink blots, Thematic Apperception Tests

Assessment techniques:
reveal unconscious “psychic” material
test-takers are unaware of purpose of test
Low Face Validity

Question 9

What are the structured methods of assessment within the Social-Cognitive Approach?

Answer 9

Seligman Attributional Style Questionnaire (SASQ):

Optimism vs. Pessimism
learned optimism!
12 Hypothetical events

Instructions - Imagine situation

Decide on CAUSE
answer 3 questions about CAUSE
answer 1 question about SITUATION
Reliability

Internal Consistency - 0.72 - 0.75
Test-retest - 0.58 - 0.70
Validity = moderate