Lecture 7: Respiration Flashcards
What are the major fuel types?
Carbohydrates:
broken down to simple sugars
Proteins:
broken down to amino acids
Fats:
broken down to simple fats
Are all cellular processes spontanous?
No. Many cellular processes require energy.
For example, cilia beating
What is cellular energy?
ATP
Adenosine tri-phosphate
What does the ATP cycle describe?
The transfer of energy between complex and simple molecules in the body, with ATP as the mediator.
What is the simplest chemical equation of respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ –> 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Energy
What are the steps of the conversion of glucose to ATP?
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation (Link Step)
- Citric Acid Cycle (KERBS Cycle)
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
Where does Glycolysis occur?
Occurs in cytosol (Outside the mitochondria)
What functions require Oxygen?
Glycolysis - Oxygen Not Required
Pyruvate Oxidation - Oxygen Required
Citric Acid Cycle - Oxygen Required
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Oxygen Required
What is the Net Chemical result of Glycolysis?
Glucose –> 2 Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid) + 2 H₂0
4 ATP Produced – 2 ATP used –> 2 ATP Net
2 NAD⁺ + 4 e⁻ + 4 H⁺ –> 2 NADH + 2 H⁺
How many carbons does Glucose have?
6 Carbon-base
How many carbons does Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid) have?
3 Carbon-base
What are the phases of Glycolysis?
Energy Investment Phase
Energy Payoff Phase
What is the chemical equation of the Energy Investment Phase of Glycolysis?
2 ATP –> 2 ADP + 2 P
What is the chemical equation of the Energy Payoff Phase of Glycolysis?
4 ADP + 2 P –> 4 ATP
2 NAD⁺ + 4 e⁻ + 4 H⁺ –> 2 NADH + 2 H⁺
What is the chemical equation for Glucose in Glycolysis?
Glucose –> 2 Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid) + 2 H₂0
C₆H₁₂O₆ –> C₃H₄O₃ + 2 H₂0
What does Pyruvate Oxidation (Link Step) do?
This step links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle
Turns the Pyruvate (3C) into Acetyl CoA (2C)
Acetyl CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, Pyruvate cannot
Where does Pyruvate Oxidation (Link Step) happen?
Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
What are the products of the Pyruvate Oxidation (Link Step)?
No ATP,
1 NADH per pyruvate (or 2 per glucose) plus 1 CO₂
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?
In the Mitochondria Matrix
What are the products of the Citric Acid Cycle?
Results in:
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH₂
4 CO₂
(per glucose molecule)
Does the Citric Acid Cycle require Oxygen?
Requires oxygen – it is an aerobic process
What are NADH and FADH₂?
FADH₂ and NADH are electron donors in the electron transport chain
What level of extraction is there after the Citric Acid Cycle?
The citric acid cycle completes the extraction of energy from glucose
No more carbon bonds to be broken
What makes up Oxidative Phosphorylation?
Electron Transport Chain + Chemiosmosis