Lecture 7: Process Piping Design (Part 1 & 2) Flashcards
Roles and Challenges of Piping Engineers:
Roles: Designing, analyzing, and maintaining piping systems.
Challenges: Ensuring safety, minimizing costs, and meeting regulatory requirements.
Examples of Flow Scenarios:
Scenarios: Piping reboiler liquids, two-phase flows, hot-vapor bypasses.
Factors for Pipe Manufacture:
Considerations: Manufacturing methods, sizes, schedules, fittings, and flanges.
Importance of Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs):
Importance: Provides a graphical representation of process piping and instrumentation for understanding and issue identification.
Common Piping Materials:
Materials: Carbon steel, stainless steel, copper, plastic.
Advantages and disadvantages vary by material.
Static Head vs. Pressure Head:
Static Head: Fluid column height above a reference point.
Pressure Head: Pressure at a specific point in the system.
Influenced by gravity and fluid properties/flow rate, respectively.
Causes of Piping Failures and Prevention:
Causes: Corrosion, erosion, vibration, thermal stress.
Prevention: Material selection, proper installation, maintenance, inspection.
Design for High-Temperature Applications:
Considerations: Material selection, thermal expansion, insulation, support.
Common Pipe Fittings:
Types: Elbows, tees, reducers, flanges.
Functions: Change flow direction, split flow, alter pipe diameter, connect equipment.
Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow:
Laminar Flow: Smooth and orderly.
Turbulent Flow: Chaotic and irregular, with higher pressure drop due to increased friction.
Design for Corrosive Environments:
Considerations: Select corrosion-resistant materials, insulation, cathodic protection.
Common Valve Types:
Types: Gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, check valves.
Functions: Flow control, shutoff, backflow prevention.
Piping Stress Analysis:
Purpose: Ensure system can handle operational stresses.
Methods: Finite element, flexibility, equivalent stress analysis.
Common Pump Types:
Types: Centrifugal, positive displacement, axial flow pumps.
Applications: Vary by type and flow requirements.
Single-Phase vs. Two-Phase Flow:
Single-Phase: Single fluid flow.
Two-Phase: Flow of two fluids, with higher pressure drop due to increased friction.
Vibration in Piping Systems:
Causes: Fluid-induced vibration, mechanical resonance, flow-induced vibration.
Prevention: Proper support, anchoring, isolation, flow control.
Closed-Loop vs. Open-Loop Systems:
Closed-Loop: Recirculated fluid within the same network.
Open-Loop: Fluid drawn from source and discharged elsewhere.
Applications vary, e.g., heating/cooling vs. water supply.
Common Heat Exchanger Types:
Types: Shell-and-tube, plate-and-frame, air-cooled.
Applications vary based on factors like pressure and heat transfer rates.
Single-Pass vs. Multi-Pass Heat Exchangers:
Single-Pass: Fluid passes through once.
Multi-Pass: Fluid circulates through the exchanger multiple times, with higher heat transfer efficiency.
Control Valve Types:
Types: Globe valves, butterfly valves, ball valves.
Functions: Flow control, shutoff, low-pressure applications.
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID):
Purpose: Graphic representation of piping and instrumentation.
Typical content: Pipe sizes, valve types, flow rates, pressure/temperature indicators, control loops.
Common Pipe Fittings:
Types: Elbows, tees, reducers, flanges.
Functions: Alter flow direction, split flow, change pipe diameter, connect equipment.
Single-Phase vs. Multiphase Flow:
Single-Phase: Single fluid flow, e.g., water supply.
Multiphase: Flow of two or more fluids, e.g., oil/gas production.
Pressure Vessel vs. Piping System:
Pressure Vessel: Container for fluids/gases at different pressures.
Piping System: Network to transport fluids/gases.
Common Pipe Materials:
Materials: Steel, copper, plastic, composites.
Advantages and disadvantages based on material properties.
Purpose of Relief Valve:
Purpose: Protects system from overpressure by releasing excess fluid/gas.
Operates when pressure exceeds a set point.
Common Pump Types:
Types: Centrifugal, positive displacement, axial flow pumps.
Functions: Used based on fluid viscosity and flow rate.
Single-Phase vs. Multiphase Flow:
Single-Phase: Single fluid flow, e.g., water supply.
Multiphase: Flow of two or more fluids, e.g., oil/gas production.
Common Valve Types:
Types: Gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, check valves.
Functions: Vary for flow control, shutoff, and backflow prevention.
Difference Between PFD and P&ID:
PFD: Major equipment and process flow paths.
P&ID: Piping and instrumentation details, including pipe sizes, valve types, flow rates, pressure/temperature indicators, and control loops.
Common Pipe Support Types:
Types: Hangers, anchors, guides.
Functions: Support pipe weight, prevent axial/lateral movement.
