Lecture 7 - Nov 4

Question 1

Menti: https://www.menti.com/alvixxuix3pc

Question 2

Recall: viruses

Answer 2

-Genetic material contained in a biomaterial cover
-have dsDNA, ssDNA
-ssRNA (+/-)
-Follows the central dogma
-Genetic material determines method of replication
-The ‘cover’
-Viral capsid- gives the virus their characteristic shape
-Envelope- taking membranes from host cells to surround the capsid
-Must bind to a receptor to infect a cell
-Glycoprotein on the virus binds to the viral receptor on the target cell

Question 3

Vaccination

Answer 3

-Basis of modern immunology
-Early strategy- deliberately cause a mild infection with an unmodified pathogen
-Discovered long-lasting protection çould be generated against infection

Question 4

active vaccination

Answer 4

-Stimulating immune system to make memory B and -T cells (part of the adaptive immune response)
-They will fight off the pathogen when the body is exposed
-B cells make antibodies, T cells are cytotoxic or help activate B cells

-B cells
-Vaccine using some part of the pathogen is injected into the body (the toxin, an attenuated virus, parts of a virus, some of the genetic material that can make the epitope)
-B cells that recognize the epitope become activated (and continuously divides)
-B cells make the antibodies to fight the pathogen and makes memory cells for later use
-The memory cells are extremely sensitive and will act even quicker when exposed to the pathogen again (do not need co-stimulation)

T cells
Need to be exposed to antigen to be activated; can only be exposed to antigens when they’re presented on MHC molecules
MHC class 1 (presents intracellular antigens) = CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells
MHC class 2 (presents externally derived antigens) = CD4 (helper) T cells
Once co-stimulated, they divide and either become activated cytotoxic cells or memory cells (which do not require costimulation upon re-exposure)
Cytotoxic T cells use perforin and granzyme

Question 5

Passive vaccination

Answer 5

Giving antibodies that interfere with the pathogen’s ability to infect
Does not tell the host cells to do anything, just helps it along
Antibodies opsonize (bind and cover the pathogen to make it more ‘appealing’ to be destroyed by macrophage), bind to target on viral surface, or marking it for destruction

Question 6

MMR vaccine

Answer 6

A live attenuated vaccine
Live virus that has been weakened
Not safe for pregnancy- can offer in the immediate PP to protect any subsequent pregnancies against congenital rubella syndrome

Question 7

Congenital rubella syndrome

Answer 7

Occurs with maternal exposure in 1st trimester
Get stats from slides
Many effects are on the heart and eyes
-fetal growth restriction appears to be the only sequela of 3rd trimester infection
-blueberry muffin rash

Question 8

MMR vaccine

Answer 8

-live attenuated version of measles, mumps and rubella (weakend versions should stimulate immune system but not cause significant disease)