Lecture 7: NHA Flashcards
what is social learning
learning about o—– a—— or the inamnimate world that is influenced by the o—— or i—– with another induviudal and it’s products (Heyes, 2012)
other agents
observation
interaction
What is induviudal learning
the learning aobut o a or the inanimate word that is — influencedby the o——- or i——- with another induviudal and it’s products
other agents
NOT
social learning can be HF I, T LF SE LE
high fidelity
imitation
teaching
low fidelity
stimlus enhancement
local enhancement
what is cultural learning
a —— of SL in which indivudals seek to acquire ——- from —— often by making inferences about thier: p——, g—–, b——– or st——– and/or by copying thier actions
a subclass of social learning aiblites in which individuals seek to acquire infromation from others often by making inferences about thier preferences, goals, benefits or strategies and/or by copying thier actions (Henrich 2015)
what is culmulative culture
the ability to copy actions via mechanisms such as I—– and t——— (HFSL) creates CC
each trait is passed on to a new induviudal to a faithful enough degree that impovesments canbe made and passed on
culture-dependent traits
CC produces traits that no one induviudal could invent on thier own - they are called culturally dependent traits
Reindl et al (2017)
The Island Test ( a hypothetical scenario first presented in Tomasello (1999)
Child born taken to serted island drop them off and leave would grow to a certain age, no SL these are not culturally dpendent triats came out of IL everything the child can’t do would be culturally indepent trats
like laptios - all the inventionbeore hand to get to a computer even if given the materials to mke a compture they won’t be able to
The ability to create and maintain cultrually dependnet trat this is what makes humans unique
Do animals have culture?
which animals have been suggested to have social learning and therefore culture
some species of birds
whales
dolphins
primates
Who argues that animals have culture?
whiten et al 1999
exclusion method started with chimps
behaviours observed at one site but not at another (no genetic or envionrment explations were decibed as ‘cultural behaviours’
it is difficult to see how such behaviour patterns could be perpiated by soical lerning proceses simpler than imitation
Whiten et al 1999
argued that animals may have culture
base on the exclusions method
cultural vairation amound chip communities or groups at nine LT study sites charted through a systematic, collaberative procedure in which the directors of the sites first areed a candiate list of 65 behaviour patterns then calssifed each pattern in relation to its local frequency occurence.
39 of the candiate behaviours were discriminated as cultural variants sufficently frequent at one or more sites to be consistent with social transmission
each community exhibited a unique and substaintal profile of such variants, far exceeding cultural variation reported before for any other NHA species
these distributions are consistent with cultural evoltion inolving differntion in form function and targets of behavior patterns.
What were the problesm with Whiten et al 1999 (3)
CHECK WITH FRAN
behaviours were not tested for thier reliance on environment and/or genetics
also, the aiblity of chimps to imitate was not tested
all behaviours need to be experimentally tested before claming that they are indeed culture-dependent traits
how can we determine wether animals have CC (4)
do they socially learn behaviours from each other
if they do do they depend on social learnign to acquire these behaviours
do they have high-fidelyity social learnign
do they have any indvuiduals learning capablities?
