Lecture 7: Engaging Citizens

Question 1

what is governance

Answer 1

• Any organized form of delivery of public or collective goods and services according to specific norms and logic
• Compromise between the actors and instruments of public, market and community regulation

Question 2

shift from government to governance of natural resources

Answer 2

Giving a voice to all the stakeholders –> multistakeholder governance

Question 3

Ostrom

Answer 3

governance of natural resources as commons

Question 4

what does Ostrom do?

Answer 4

overcome the tragedy of the commons

Question 5

tragedy of the commons is coming from…

Answer 5

the self-interest of individuals and the competitiveness of different companies

Question 6

public choice school

Answer 6

The base of public choice has been to understand public and common goods, compared to private goods. How can connective goods be provided to a group and how to exclude free-riding

–> cooperation instead of competition is needed

Question 7

overcoming the tragedy of the commons

Answer 7

individuals vary in their preferences and therefore cooperation is
needed

Question 8

property rights

Answer 8

Various strands in a bundle of rights
related to a unit of land and associated
natural resources may include:
- Right to use
- Right to manage
- Right to transfer (assign or reassign) use and management rights
- Right to own

Question 9

private property

Answer 9

occurs when the strands of the property rights bundle are held by a natural or legal person

Question 10

common property

Answer 10

exists where property rights strands are shared among members of a community or association

Question 11

public property

Answer 11

is established when the strands of the bundle are concentrated, held and managed by the government

Question 12

open access

Answer 12

occurs where either no specific rights to land or natural resources have been assigned or claimed by holders

Question 13

difference in rights between continents

Answer 13

In Europe we mostly talk about individual property rights, but in for example Africa it is more about community rights

Question 14

favourite rights - neoclassical economists

Answer 14

Neoclassical is favoring private property in order to make the best of it

Question 15

balance decision-making in polycentric governance / mixed property regimes

Answer 15

Strong balance between centralized and decentralized (community-based) forms of decision making

Question 16

polycentric governance / mixed property regimes: decision making

Answer 16

Everyone was involved in taking decisions –> fund compromise between all these actors

Question 17

importance of trust –> everyone should cooperate to avoid free-riding

Answer 17

1. clear definition
2. adapted to local conditions
3. collective-choice arrangements
4. effective monitoring
5. graduated santions
6. mechanisms of conflict resolutions
7. self-determination of the community
8. organization in the form of multiple layers

Question 18

trust: connection

Answer 18

Trust is connected to justice, values, honesty, beliefs, knowledge etc

Question 19

importance of trust: clear definition

Answer 19

Clear definition of the contents of the common pool resource and effective exclusion of external un-entitled parties

Question 20

importance of trust: adapted to local conditions

Answer 20

The appropriation and provision of common resources that are adapted to local conditions

Question 21

importance of trust: collective-choice arrangements

Answer 21

Collective-choice arrangements that allow most resource appropriators to participate in the decision-making process

Question 22

importance of trust: effective monitoring

Answer 22

Effective monitoring by monitors who are part of or accountable to the appropriators

Question 23

importance of trust: graduated sanctions

Answer 23

A scale of graduated sanctions for resource appropriators who violate community rules

Question 24

importance of trust: mechanisms of conflict resolutions

Answer 24

Mechanisms of conflict resolution that are cheap and of easy access

Question 25

importance of trust: self-determination of the community

Answer 25

Self-determination of the community recognized by higher-level authorities

Question 26

importance of trust: organization in multiple layers

Answer 26

In the case of larger common-pool resources, organization in the form of multiple layers of nested enterprises, with small local CPRs at the base level