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BI303 > Lecture 7 CM > Flashcards

Lecture 7 CM Flashcards

1
Q

Desert biome: dominant vegetation type

A

Many areas sand/ gravel/ rock only
succulent grasses and shrubs
Cactus (Americas)
Euphorbia (Africa, Asia)

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2
Q

Desert biome: vegetation structure

A

Usually present only in depressions/
above seasonally watered aquifers

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3
Q

Desert biome: soil structure

A

Poorly formed or absent

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4
Q

Desert biome:climate

A

Hot summer, cool/freezing winter

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5
Q

Desert biome: Rainfall

A

<5cm per annum

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6
Q

Desert biome: Net annual productivity

A

c. 315 Kcal m-2 yr-1 (Average)

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7
Q

Why does desert biome not have a soil structure?

A

continual and significant aerial movement of sand

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8
Q

What is the fastest expanding biome?

A

Desert due to climate change and human activity

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9
Q

Where is desert located?

A

20-40 degrees N and S

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10
Q

Example of a desert biome

A

Desert scrub of Pinyon Pine and Utah Juniper
Upper Reaches of the Colorado River Basin
Canyonlands National Park
Utah, USA

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11
Q

Dry tropical forest/scrub/savanna: dominant vegetation type

A

Semi-deciduous trees, sclerophyllous
shrubs and herbs, C4 grasses
Baboab (Adansonia), Australian bush

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12
Q

Dry tropical forest/scrub/savanna: vegetation structure

A

+/- scattered open canopy <c. 20m tall
<2m tall shrub and herb layer

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13
Q

Dry Tropical Forest/ Scrub/ Savanna: soil structure

A

Moderate depth, variable fertility

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14
Q

Dry Tropical Forest/ Scrub/ Savanna: Climate

A

Hot summer, mild winter

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15
Q

Dry Tropical Forest/ Scrub/ Savanna: Rainfall

A

100-200cm, seasonal*

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16
Q

Dry Tropical Forest/ Scrub/ Savanna: Net annual productivity

A

c. 7000 Kcal m-2 yr-1 (Average)

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17
Q

The dry tropical forest/scrub/savanna biome is prone to:

A

Droughts and frequent fires

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18
Q

Dry tropical forest/scrub/savanna biome location

A

0-30 degrees N and S

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19
Q

Which biome has the most constant change

A

Dry tropical forests/savanna biome

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20
Q

What results in the continual shifting of forest habitats in what is known as shifting mosaic

A

Seasonal fires and grazing of herbivores

21
Q

Which biome has the greatest vertebrate biomass?

A

Savanna

22
Q

The vertebrate biomass is supported by?

A

massive green biomass production on tropical
grasslands after seasonal monsoon rains

23
Q

Seasonal shifts in monsoon winds trigger

A

mass herbivore
migrations from dry grasslands to wet grasslands

24
Q

Carnivores are generally

A

more territorial and less mobile

25
Q
  • Grasses are much more tolerant of
A

grazing and fire than forest
Thus forests dominate only where grazing and fire are reduced –
however patterns at any one point in time are liable to change

26
Q

Tropical rain forest biome: Dominant vegetation type

A

Evergreen broadleaf trees, highly
species diverse

27
Q

Tropical rain forest: vegetation structure

A

main canopy 40-50m, emergent trees
50-70m, vines and epiphytes abundant,
several substories, usually sparse
shrub and herb layers

28
Q

Tropical rain forest: Soil structure

A

frequently shallow, infertile

29
Q

Tropical rain forest: Climate

A

Hot all year round

30
Q

Tropical rain forest: Rainfall

A

> 150cm per annum, continuous

31
Q

Tropical rain forest: Net annual productivity

A

c. 9000 Kcal m-2 yr-1 (Average)

32
Q

Which biome is the most biologically productive?

A

Tropical rain forest

33
Q

Tropical rainforest location?

A

0-20 degrees N and S

34
Q

The tropical rainforest biome has no growth limitations other than?

A

physical disturbances e.g. too wet for fire

35
Q

What biome has a key role in global water and carbon cycles?

A

Tropical rain forest

36
Q

The tropical rain forest biome has every kind of life strategy evident, multi species relationships and dependencies are very complex an example of this is:

A

The Hornbill (a large, widely foraging fruit-eating bird)
* Hornbills eat figs, the seeds germinate in debris of large nest
* Using guano (droppings) for nutrition, fig seedling sends
adventitious roots through canopy to forest floor (30-40m down!).
Roots become woody, a ‘lace curtain’ stem develops around and
ultimately strangles the host tree on which nest has been built.
* Hornbills main food for eagles
* Hunting hornbills for pet trade kills both figs and eagles, and a
key relationship in the rainforest is destroyed

37
Q

Among plants the tropical rain forest biome has many?

A

epiphytes (Orchids, Bromeliads)
* and a variety of unusual life strategies (carnivorous pitcher plants like
Nepenthes; strangler figs)
* and an abundance of ground-level monocots (like palms and gingers)

38
Q

Tropical rain forest biome: Among animals

A

there are more vertebrate species here than any othe
biome (more than 50% of all species), in particular arboreal mammals and
frogs, and an abundance of bird species.

39
Q

Tropical rain forest biome: Among insects

A

there are probably >1,000,000 species of beetles alone,
and every group is similarly diverse (Bugs, wasps, flies etc.)

40
Q

Tropical rain forest biome: The dominant herbivores are

A

termites and ants

41
Q

The mountain zone: High altitude habitats exist in?

A

Every biome

42
Q

The mountain zone: The elevational ecological gradient is similar to

A

the latititudinal climate
gradient, but over a much shorter interval

43
Q

Individual mountain ranges contain multiple biomes, up to and including

A

permanent ice-cover

44
Q

Species endemism is higher in mountain areas because

A

habitats are very
restricted in area, and usually surrounded by very different vegetation (‘sky
islands’)

45
Q

Mountain habitats are more susceptible to

A

disturbance/ destruction and
the effects of climate change compared to lowland areas

46
Q

Mountain ranges
comprise a series
of sub-biomes at
different altitudes,
for example

A

the
North American
Rocky Mountains

47
Q

Mountain sub biomes:

A

Lower montane zone
Montane zone
Subalpine zone
Alpine zone

48
Q

Tropical alpine plants such as Espeletina hartwegiana (Andes,
Equador) have a specialised

A

frost-protection growth form and
are restricted to a narrow distributional range

49
Q

This ecozone is surrounded by

A

tropical rainforest (at lower
elevations) and glaciers (at
higher elevations

BI303 (7 decks)

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